新约正典
The Canon of the New Testament
布鲁斯·梅茨格 / Bruce Metzger
简介 Summary
新约学权威梅茨格关于新约正典形成历史的经典研究。作者以深厚的历史学功底，详细追溯了二十七卷新约书卷从写成到被教会普遍接受为正典的复杂过程。书中探讨了早期教父的见证、教会会议的决定、以及各种标准（使徒权威、正统性、普遍接受等）在正典形成中的作用。这是理解新约权威基础和回应现代批评的必读之作。
Authoritative New Testament scholar Metzger's classic study of the formation of the New Testament canon. With profound historical scholarship, the author traces in detail the complex process by which twenty-seven New Testament books evolved from individual writings to universally accepted canonical texts. The work examines early patristic testimony, church council decisions, and various criteria (apostolic authority, orthodoxy, universal acceptance) in canonical formation. Essential reading for understanding New Testament authority and responding to modern criticism.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: Introduction
什么是正典？新约正典是如何形成的？梅茨格介绍研究正典形成的重要性和方法论。
What is canon? How was the New Testament canon formed? Metzger introduces the importance and methodology of studying canonical formation.
“The canon is the collection of books acknowledged as authoritative scripture by the church. 正典是教会承认为权威圣经的书卷集合。”
Ch.2: Historical Background of Canon Formation
早期教会面临异端威胁，需要确定哪些书卷具有使徒权威。这推动了正典意识的发展。
The early church faced heretical threats and needed to determine which books possessed apostolic authority. This drove the development of canonical consciousness.
“Heretical challenges forced the church to clarify which writings were truly apostolic. 异端的挑战迫使教会澄清哪些著作真正具有使徒权威。”
Ch.3: Early Evidence
使徒教父时期的著作如何引用和使用新约书卷？这些早期证据显示了正典意识的萌芽。
How did apostolic fathers cite and use New Testament books? This early evidence shows the beginning of canonical consciousness.
“The apostolic fathers show clear preference for certain writings that would later become canonical. 使徒教父们明显偏爱某些后来成为正典的作品。”
Ch.4: The Challenge of Marcion
马吉安的异端正典（只包含路加福音和保罗书信的删减版）促使正统教会更明确地确立自己的正典。
Marcion's heretical canon (containing only Luke's Gospel and edited Pauline epistles) prompted orthodox church to more clearly establish its own canon.
“Marcion's truncated canon forced the church to defend the full scope of apostolic writings. 马吉安的删减版正典迫使教会为使徒著作的完整范围辩护。”
Ch.5: The Muratorian Fragment
约公元180年的慕拉多利断片是最早的正典书目，显示了二世纪末教会对新约书卷的认识。
The Muratorian Fragment (c. 180 AD) is the earliest canonical list, showing late 2nd-century church understanding of NT books.
“The Muratorian Fragment provides crucial evidence for 2nd-century canonical thinking. 慕拉多利断片为二世纪的正典思想提供了关键证据。”
Ch.6: Alexandrian Testimony
亚历山太学派的学者如克莱门特和俄利根如何处理正典问题？他们的著作反映了东方教会的正典观念。
How did Alexandrian scholars like Clement and Origen handle canonical issues? Their works reflect Eastern church canonical concepts.
“Origen's careful distinction between acknowledged and disputed books shaped subsequent canonical discussion. 俄利根对公认书卷和争议书卷的仔细区分塑造了后续的正典讨论。”
Ch.7: Western Church Development
西方教会在正典形成中的作用，包括早期拉丁译本和教父们的贡献。
The Western church's role in canonical formation, including early Latin versions and patristic contributions.
“Western church fathers provided crucial stability in canonical recognition. 西方教父在正典认定中提供了关键的稳定性。”
Ch.8: Fourth Century Decisions
雅典那修的第39封节期牧函（公元367年）首次列出完整的27卷新约正典，标志着正典形成的完成。
Athanasius' 39th Festal Letter (367 AD) first lists the complete 27-book NT canon, marking the completion of canonical formation.
“Athanasius' Easter letter of 367 provides the first complete listing of our 27-book New Testament. 雅典那修公元367年的复活节牧函首次完整列出我们27卷的新约。”
Ch.9: Canonical Criteria
教会用什么标准来确定正典？使徒权威、正统性、大公性和启发性是主要考虑因素。
What criteria did the church use to determine canon? Apostolic authority, orthodoxy, catholicity, and inspiration were main considerations.
“Apostolicity was the primary criterion for canonical recognition. 使徒权威是正典认定的主要标准。”
Ch.10: Disputed Books
希伯来书、雅各书、彼得后书、犹大书和约翰二三书等为何曾被质疑？它们最终如何被接受？
Why were Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, Jude, and 2-3 John once questioned? How were they finally accepted?
“Even disputed books eventually gained universal acceptance based on apostolic criteria. 即使是争议书卷最终也基于使徒标准获得了普遍接受。”
Ch.11: Apocryphal Literature
为什么某些早期基督教著作被排除在正典之外？伪经文献缺乏使徒权威和正统性。
Why were certain early Christian writings excluded from the canon? Apocryphal literature lacked apostolic authority and orthodoxy.
“Apocryphal writings failed to meet the church's standards for apostolic authority. 伪经著作未能达到教会对使徒权威的标准。”
Ch.12: Significance of Canon
正典的确立对基督教意味着什么？它为信仰和实践提供了权威基础。
What does canonical establishment mean for Christianity? It provides the authoritative foundation for faith and practice.
“The canon provides the church with its authoritative foundation for doctrine and life. 正典为教会的教义和生活提供了权威基础。”