新约文本
The Text of the New Testament
布鲁斯·梅茨格 / Bruce Metzger
简介 Summary
梅茨格在新约文本批判学领域的权威著作，被誉为该领域的标准教科书。作者系统介绍了新约文本传抄的历史、不同文本类型的特征、重要抄本的价值，以及文本批判的方法和原则。通过严谨的学术分析，梅茨格证明了新约文本的可靠性，回击了对圣经文本准确性的质疑，为圣经的权威性提供了坚实的文献学基础。
Metzger's authoritative work in New Testament textual criticism, hailed as the standard textbook in the field. The author systematically introduces the history of New Testament manuscript transmission, characteristics of different text types, value of important manuscripts, and methods and principles of textual criticism. Through rigorous academic analysis, Metzger demonstrates the reliability of the New Testament text, refuting challenges to biblical textual accuracy and providing solid documentary foundations for Scripture's authority.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: The Art and Hazards of Copying
梅茨格介绍古代抄本制作的历史背景和技术过程。从纸草、羊皮纸到书卷和手抄本形式的演变，展现了新约文本传承的物质基础。作者特别分析了抄写员在传抄过程中可能出现的各种错误类型，为理解文本变异的产生原因提供了基础。
Metzger introduces the historical background and technical processes of ancient manuscript production. From papyrus and parchment to the evolution of scroll and codex forms, demonstrating the material foundations of New Testament textual transmission. The author particularly analyzes various types of errors scribes might make during copying, providing foundation for understanding the causes of textual variations.
“The more popular a book became, the more it was copied; and the more copies that were made, the greater was the likelihood that scribal errors would creep in. 一本书越受欢迎，就越多人抄写；抄本越多，出现抄写错误的可能性就越大。”
“Textual criticism is both a science and an art; it is a science because it follows certain definite rules and principles, and it is an art because it depends upon the trained judgment of the critic. 文本批判既是科学也是艺术；说它是科学，是因为它遵循确定的规则和原则；说它是艺术，是因为它依赖批判学者受过训练的判断力。”
Ch.2: Important Manuscript Witnesses
系统介绍新约文本传统中的重要抄本，包括最早的纸草抄本如P52、P75，以及伟大的羊皮纸手抄本如西奈抄本、梵蒂冈抄本、亚历山大抄本等。每份抄本的发现历史、文本特征和学术价值都得到详细阐述，为文本批判工作提供可靠的证据基础。
Systematically introduces important manuscripts in the New Testament textual tradition, including the earliest papyrus manuscripts like P52 and P75, and great parchment codices like Codex Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, and Alexandrinus. The discovery history, textual characteristics, and scholarly value of each manuscript are thoroughly explained, providing reliable evidential foundation for textual critical work.
“The Chester Beatty papyri constitute the most important addition to our knowledge of the text of the New Testament since the discovery of Codex Sinaiticus. 贝蒂纸草抄本构成了自西奈抄本发现以来我们对新约文本认识的最重要补充。”
“Codex Vaticanus is probably our most valuable single manuscript of the New Testament. 梵蒂冈抄本可能是我们最宝贵的新约单一抄本。”
Ch.3: Text-Types and Geographical Distribution
梅茨格阐释了新约文本传统中三大主要文本类型：亚历山大型（中性文本）、西方型和拜占庭型的特征与分布。通过分析不同地区文本传统的特点，展现了早期基督教文本传播的地理模式，为确定原始文本提供了重要的方法论框架。
Metzger explicates the characteristics and distribution of three major text-types in the New Testament tradition: Alexandrian (Neutral), Western, and Byzantine. By analyzing the features of textual traditions in different regions, he reveals the geographical patterns of early Christian textual transmission, providing important methodological framework for determining the original text.
“The Alexandrian text-type is generally considered to preserve the earliest and most reliable form of the New Testament text. 亚历山大文本类型通常被认为保存了新约文本最早期和最可靠的形式。”
“The Western text shows a greater tendency toward paraphrase and explanatory expansion than the other text-types. 西方文本比其他文本类型更倾向于意译和解释性扩展。”
Ch.4: Principles and Methods of Textual Criticism
详述文本批判学的基本原则：外证（抄本的年代、地理分布、血缘关系）和内证（文体适合性、上下文契合度、抄写员习惯）的权衡运用。梅茨格强调，文本批判不是机械的规则应用，而是需要学者综合判断的学术艺术。
Details the fundamental principles of textual criticism: weighing external evidence (manuscript age, geographical distribution, genealogical relationships) and internal evidence (stylistic suitability, contextual fitness, scribal habits). Metzger emphasizes that textual criticism is not mechanical rule application but scholarly art requiring comprehensive judgment.
“The reading which best explains the origin of the other readings is to be preferred. 最能解释其他读本起源的读本应当被采纳。”
“Generally speaking, the more difficult reading is to be preferred, because scribes were more likely to simplify than to complicate. 一般来说，较困难的读本应当被采纳，因为抄写员更可能简化而不是复杂化。”
Ch.5: The Making of Modern Critical Editions
追溯从伊拉斯谟的首部印刷希腊文新约到现代学者版本的演进历程。详述韦斯科特-霍特、奈斯特勒、联合圣经公会希腊文新约等重要版本的编辑原则和学术贡献，展现了新约文本学三百年来的学术进步。
Traces the evolutionary process from Erasmus's first printed Greek New Testament to modern scholarly editions. Details the editorial principles and scholarly contributions of important editions like Westcott-Hort, Nestle, and the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament, demonstrating three centuries of scholarly progress in New Testament textual studies.
“Knowledge of documents should precede final judgment upon readings. 对文献的了解应当先于对读本的最终判断。”
“The ultimate goal of the textual critic is to recover, as far as possible, the very words which the New Testament authors wrote. 文本批判学者的最终目标是尽可能恢复新约作者所写的真正词汇。”
Ch.6: Patristic Evidence and Ancient Versions
分析早期教父著作和古代译本（拉丁文、叙利亚文、科普特文等）对新约文本重构的重要作用。这些间接见证虽然有其局限性，但在确定某些读本的年代和地理分布方面提供了宝贵信息，补充了希腊文抄本证据的不足。
Analyzes the important role of early patristic writings and ancient versions (Latin, Syriac, Coptic, etc.) in New Testament textual reconstruction. Though these indirect witnesses have limitations, they provide valuable information for determining the dating and geographical distribution of certain readings, supplementing the evidence of Greek manuscripts.
“Patristic quotations are valuable because they can often be dated and localized more precisely than manuscripts. 教父引文很有价值，因为它们往往比抄本能更精确地确定年代和地点。”
“Ancient versions provide important evidence for the early transmission of the New Testament text, particularly in areas where few Greek manuscripts survive. 古代译本为新约文本的早期传播提供重要证据，特别是在希腊文抄本很少保存下来的地区。”