圣经正典
The Canon of Scripture
F.F.布鲁斯 / F.F. Bruce
简介 Summary
布鲁斯对圣经正典形成历史的权威研究。正典的形成是一个复杂的历史过程，涉及早期教会对启示认识的发展。布鲁斯以其精湛的古代史学功底，详细追溯了旧约和新约正典的形成过程，分析了早期教父的见证、教会会议的决定，以及各种文献被接受或拒绝的标准。作者论证，正典的形成不是人为的武断决定，而是教会在圣灵引导下对神圣启示的认识过程。
Bruce's authoritative study of the formation of the biblical canon. Canonical formation was a complex historical process involving the early church's developing recognition of revelation. With his masterful ancient historical scholarship, Bruce traces in detail the formation process of Old and New Testament canons, analyzing early patristic testimony, church council decisions, and criteria for various documents' acceptance or rejection. The author argues that canonical formation was not arbitrary human decision but the church's recognition process of divine revelation under the Holy Spirit's guidance.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: Origin and Development of the Canon Concept
布鲁斯开篇界定"正典"（canon）概念的含义和发展。"正典"一词源于希腊文"kanon"，意为"标准"或"准绳"。作者追溯了这个概念从世俗用法到宗教应用的演变过程，说明正典不是人为制定的权威清单，而是对已存在权威的确认。早期基督徒对"圣经"的理解逐渐从旧约扩展到包含新约文献。
Bruce begins by defining the meaning and development of the 'canon' concept. The word 'canon' comes from Greek 'kanon,' meaning 'standard' or 'measuring rod.' The author traces this concept's evolution from secular to religious application, showing the canon is not an artificially created authoritative list but recognition of existing authority. Early Christian understanding of 'Scripture' gradually expanded from Old Testament to include New Testament documents.
“The canon did not create the authority of the books; it recognized the authority they already possessed. 正典没有创造书卷的权威性；它承认了书卷已经拥有的权威性。”
“A canonical book is one which has been recognized as possessing divine authority. 正典书卷是被认为具有神圣权威性的书卷。”
Ch.2: Formation History of the Old Testament Canon
详细考察旧约正典形成的历史过程。布鲁斯分析了希伯来圣经三重分类（律法、先知、圣卷）的发展，从摩西五经的早期权威性到先知书和圣卷的逐渐确立。作者特别研究了公元70年雅麦尼亚会议的传说，论证旧约正典的封闭实际上是一个渐进的历史过程，而不是某个会议的决定。
Detailed examination of Old Testament canon formation's historical process. Bruce analyzes Hebrew Scripture's three-fold division (Law, Prophets, Writings) development, from Pentateuch's early authority to prophetic books and writings' gradual establishment. The author particularly studies the Jamnia council legend of 70 CE, arguing Old Testament canonical closure was actually a gradual historical process, not a single council's decision.
“The Law of Moses was the first part of the Hebrew Bible to attain canonical status. 摩西律法是希伯来圣经中第一个获得正典地位的部分。”
“By the time of Jesus, the threefold division of the Hebrew Bible was well established. 到耶稣时代，希伯来圣经的三重分类已经确立。”
Ch.3: Jesus and the Apostles' Use of the Old Testament
研究耶稣基督和新约作者对旧约权威性的态度。布鲁斯分析了耶稣在新约中引用旧约的模式，以及使徒们如何理解和使用希伯来圣经。作者强调，新约作者对旧约的使用表明他们接受了当时犹太教界普遍认可的圣经范围，这为理解新约正典的形成提供了重要背景。
Study of Jesus Christ and New Testament authors' attitudes toward Old Testament authority. Bruce analyzes Jesus' Old Testament citation patterns in the New Testament and how the apostles understood and used Hebrew Scripture. The author emphasizes New Testament authors' Old Testament usage shows they accepted the biblical scope generally recognized in contemporary Judaism, providing important background for understanding New Testament canon formation.
“Scripture cannot be broken. 经上的话是不能废的。”
“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching. 圣经都是神所默示的，于教训都是有益的。”
Ch.4: Recognition of Early Apostolic Literature's Authority
考察早期教会如何逐渐认识到使徒文献的权威性。布鲁斯分析了保罗书信、福音书等新约文献在早期基督教群体中的接受过程。作者指出，这些文献的权威性首先体现在它们的实际使用中——在崇拜、教导、争议解决中的使用——然后才是正式的理论确认。
Examining how the early church gradually recognized apostolic literature's authority. Bruce analyzes the acceptance process of New Testament documents like Paul's letters and Gospels in early Christian communities. The author notes these documents' authority first manifested in practical use—in worship, teaching, dispute resolution—before formal theoretical confirmation.
“The apostolic writings carried authority from the beginning because of their apostolic origin. 使徒文献从一开始就因其使徒起源而具有权威性。”
“What Paul wrote to one church was soon recognized as having relevance for all churches. 保罗写给一个教会的内容很快就被认为与所有教会相关。”
Ch.5: Second Century Church Fathers' Canonical Consciousness
详细研究二世纪教父如游斯丁、爱任纽等人对圣经权威的理解。布鲁斯分析了这些早期教父如何在与异端（如马吉安主义、诺斯底主义）的争论中发展出更明确的正典意识。作者强调，异端的挑战迫使正统教会更清楚地界定哪些文献具有权威性。
Detailed study of second century church fathers like Justin and Irenaeus's understanding of biblical authority. Bruce analyzes how these early fathers developed clearer canonical consciousness in debates with heresies (like Marcionism and Gnosticism). The author emphasizes heretical challenges forced orthodox church to more clearly define which documents possessed authority.
“The heretical threat forced the church to be more explicit about which books it regarded as authoritative. 异端威胁迫使教会更明确地说明它认为哪些书卷具有权威性。”
“Irenaeus speaks of the fourfold Gospel as established and unalterable. 爱任纽谈到四福音书是确立和不可更改的。”
Ch.6: The Marcionite Crisis and Strengthening of Canonical Consciousness
深入分析马吉安及其正典对正统教会的挑战。马吉安拒绝旧约，只接受路加福音和保罗书信的删节版。布鲁斯论证，马吉安的极端立场促使正统教会更清楚地表达自己的正典立场，坚持旧约的连续性和新约的完整性。这个危机成为正典形成过程中的重要催化剂。
In-depth analysis of Marcion and his canon's challenge to orthodox church. Marcion rejected the Old Testament and accepted only edited versions of Luke's Gospel and Paul's letters. Bruce argues Marcion's extreme position prompted orthodox church to express their canonical position more clearly, insisting on Old Testament continuity and New Testament completeness. This crisis became an important catalyst in canonical formation process.
“Marcion's truncated canon forced the church to articulate more precisely what it meant by 'Scripture.' 马吉安的删减正典迫使教会更精确地表达'圣经'的含义。”
“The church's response to Marcion was not to create a new canon but to defend the canon it had received. 教会对马吉安的回应不是创造新正典，而是为所承受的正典辩护。”
Ch.7: Muratorian Canon and Third Century Canonical Situation
研究著名的穆拉多利正典表（约180年）及其对了解早期正典状况的价值。布鲁斯详细分析这份文献列举的新约书卷和其评价标准。作者还考察三世纪其他教父如俄利根、居普良等人的正典观点，说明在这个时期，新约正典的核心部分已经基本确定。
Study of the famous Muratorian Canon (c. 180 CE) and its value for understanding early canonical situation. Bruce analyzes in detail this document's enumerated New Testament books and evaluative criteria. The author also examines third century church fathers like Origen and Cyprian's canonical views, showing the New Testament canon's core was basically established by this period.
“The Muratorian Canon provides valuable evidence for the state of the New Testament canon in the late second century. 穆拉多利正典为二世纪晚期新约正典状况提供了宝贵证据。”
“By the end of the second century, the four Gospels and thirteen Pauline letters were universally accepted. 到二世纪末，四福音书和十三卷保罗书信已被普遍接受。”
Ch.8: Fourth Century Canonical Confirmation
分析四世纪关键人物如亚他那修、耶柔米等在正典最终确认中的作用。布鲁斯特别研究亚他那修367年复活节信函中的27卷新约正典清单，以及耶柔米拉丁文武加大译本的影响。作者强调，虽然这些权威人士的认可很重要，但正典的权威性并不是他们创造的，而是他们确认了已存在的共识。
“These are the springs of salvation... let no one add to them or take away from them. 这些是救恩的泉源……不可增添，也不可删减。”
“The canon was not imposed by ecclesiastical authority but recognized by it. 正典不是由教会权威强加的，而是被教会权威认可的。”
Ch.9: Criteria and Principles of Canonical Formation
总结早期教会在确认正典时所使用的标准。布鲁斯识别出三个主要标准：使徒性（作者的使徒身份或与使徒的密切关系）、正统性（内容符合使徒传统）、和天主教性（被普世教会接受）。作者强调这些标准不是后来强加的，而是反映了早期教会对权威性文献的直觉认识。
Summarizing criteria the early church used in canonical confirmation. Bruce identifies three main criteria: apostolicity (apostolic authorship or close apostolic connection), orthodoxy (content conforming to apostolic tradition), and catholicity (universal church acceptance). The author emphasizes these criteria weren't later impositions but reflected early church's intuitive recognition of authoritative documents.
“The primary test of canonicity was apostolic authority, either direct or indirect. 正典性的首要标准是使徒权威，无论是直接的还是间接的。”
“A book's universal acceptance by the churches was a strong indication of its canonical status. 一卷书被众教会普遍接受是其正典地位的强烈迹象。”
Ch.10: Canonical Closure and Continuing Authority
探讨正典形成完成后的意义和影响。布鲁斯论证正典的"封闭"不是人为的决定，而是使徒时代结束的自然结果。作者还分析了正典作为教会信仰和实践标准的持续作用，以及它在不同历史时期面临的挑战。正典的最终确立为基督教的统一性和连续性提供了基础。
Exploring the significance and impact after canonical formation's completion. Bruce argues canonical 'closure' wasn't artificial decision but natural result of the apostolic age's end. The author also analyzes the canon's continuing role as standard for church faith and practice and challenges it faced in different historical periods. Final canonical establishment provided foundation for Christianity's unity and continuity.
“The canon is closed not because the church decided to close it, but because the age of revelation is complete. 正典封闭不是因为教会决定封闭它，而是因为启示时代已经完成。”
“The canon remains the church's supreme authority for faith and practice. 正典仍然是教会信仰和实践的最高权威。”