追随基督
The Cost of Discipleship
朋霍费尔 / Dietrich Bonhoeffer
简介 Summary
朋霍费尔对基督教门徒身份的深刻反思，被誉为现代基督教经典。面对"廉价恩典"——即不需付出代价的表面信仰——朋霍费尔提出"昂贵恩典"的概念，强调真正的恩典呼召人来跟随基督并承受十字架。作者以登山宝训为主要文本，阐释了基督徒生活的伦理要求和属灵代价。这本书既是神学反思，也是朋霍费尔自己信仰历程的真实写照，在纳粹时期的历史背景下更显珍贵。
Bonhoeffer's profound reflection on Christian discipleship, hailed as a modern Christian classic. Confronting "cheap grace"—superficial faith requiring no cost—Bonhoeffer introduces the concept of "costly grace," emphasizing that true grace calls people to follow Christ and bear the cross. Using the Sermon on the Mount as primary text, the author elucidates the ethical requirements and spiritual costs of Christian life. This book is both theological reflection and authentic portrayal of Bonhoeffer's own faith journey, made more precious by its Nazi-era historical context.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: Cheap Grace and Costly Grace
朋霍费尔开篇即提出全书的核心论题：廉价恩典与昂贵恩典的对立。廉价恩典是不要求门徒身份的恩典，是恩典教义而非恩典本身。昂贵恩典则呼召人来跟随，要求人献上生命。作者痛心地指出，路德的恩典发现被后世庸俗化为廉价恩典，使教会失去了门徒制的要求。
Bonhoeffer begins by presenting the book's core thesis: the opposition between cheap grace and costly grace. Cheap grace is grace without discipleship, grace as doctrine rather than grace itself. Costly grace calls to follow and demands the sacrifice of life. The author painfully notes that Luther's discovery of grace was vulgarized by later generations into cheap grace, causing the church to lose discipleship requirements.
“Cheap grace is grace without discipleship, grace without the cross, grace without Jesus Christ, living and incarnate. 廉价恩典是没有门徒制的恩典，没有十字架的恩典，没有活着又道成肉身之耶稣基督的恩典。”
“Costly grace is the treasure hidden in the field; for the sake of it a man will gladly go and sell all that he has. 昂贵恩典是藏在田地里的宝贝；为了它，人会欢然去变卖他所有的一切。”
Ch.2: The Call to Discipleship
通过马太福音9章9节马太蒙召的记述，朋霍费尔阐释基督呼召的本质。呼召不是邀请讨论，而是要求绝对的顺服。马太的回应——"他就起来跟从了耶稣"——体现了真正门徒制的特征：立即的、无条件的跟随。
Through Matthew 9:9's account of Matthew's calling, Bonhoeffer explicates the nature of Christ's call. The call is not an invitation to discussion but demands absolute obedience. Matthew's response—'he rose and followed him'—embodies the characteristics of true discipleship: immediate, unconditional following.
“The call goes forth, and is at once followed by the response of obedience. 呼召发出，立即就有顺服的回应跟随。”
“Only he who believes is obedient, and only he who is obedient believes. 只有相信的人才顺服，只有顺服的人才相信。”
Ch.3: Simple Obedience
朋霍费尔强调门徒生活的简单性。现代基督教往往使简单的命令复杂化，用神学讨论代替直接的顺服。但基督的命令要求的是简单的顺服，不是复杂的解释。作者以富有的年轻官为例，说明知识可能成为顺服的障碍。
Bonhoeffer emphasizes the simplicity of discipleship. Modern Christianity often complicates simple commands, substituting theological discussion for direct obedience. But Christ's commands require simple obedience, not complex interpretation. Using the rich young ruler as example, the author shows how knowledge can become an obstacle to obedience.
“The road to faith passes through obedience to the call of Jesus. 通向信心的道路要经过对耶稣呼召的顺服。”
“We worry about whether we are in good faith, instead of simply listening and acting. 我们担心自己是否诚心，而不是单纯地聆听和行动。”
Ch.4: Discipleship and the Individual: On the Sermon on the Mount
开始深入研究登山宝训，朋霍费尔首先确立解释原则：登山宝训不是普世伦理，而是专门对门徒的教导。这些话语预设了跟随基督的前提，不能脱离门徒身份来理解。八福不是道德建议，而是对门徒生活现实的描述。
Beginning in-depth study of the Sermon on the Mount, Bonhoeffer first establishes interpretive principles: the Sermon is not universal ethics but specifically disciples' teaching. These words presuppose following Christ and cannot be understood apart from discipleship. The Beatitudes are not moral suggestions but descriptions of discipleship reality.
“The Beatitudes are not ethics but gospel. They are not commandments but promises. 八福不是伦理而是福音。它们不是命令而是应许。”
“These are not universal human possibilities but the life of the disciples of Christ. 这些不是普世的人类可能性，而是基督门徒的生活。”
Ch.5: The Disciples' Portrait in the Beatitudes
详细解析八福，朋霍费尔指出这是对门徒群体的完整描述。虚心、哀恸、温柔等品质不是人努力达到的目标，而是跟随基督的自然结果。门徒因为与基督联合，必然会经历这些属灵状态。八福描绘了门徒在世界中的独特地位和命运。
Detailed exegesis of the Beatitudes, Bonhoeffer shows this as complete description of the disciple community. Poverty of spirit, mourning, meekness are not goals to strive for but natural results of following Christ. Because disciples are united with Christ, they necessarily experience these spiritual states. The Beatitudes portray disciples' unique position and destiny in the world.
“The poor in spirit are the disciples, because they have been called to follow him who was himself poor. 虚心的人就是门徒，因为他们被呼召跟随那本身贫穷的主。”
“The disciples are strangers in the world, aliens and exiles. 门徒在世界上是客旅，是外人和流亡者。”
Ch.6: Salt and Light: The Disciples' Witness
门徒是世上的盐和世界的光，这是存在的事实而非道德要求。门徒不是因为努力才成为盐和光，而是因为跟随基督就是盐和光。这种身份带来不可逃避的见证责任。门徒的存在本身就是对世界的审判和拯救。
Disciples are the salt of the earth and light of the world—this is existential fact, not moral requirement. Disciples don't become salt and light through effort but are salt and light by following Christ. This identity brings inescapable witnessing responsibility. The disciples' very existence is judgment and salvation for the world.
“You are the salt of the earth—not 'you ought to be the salt.' This is not an exhortation but a statement of fact. 你们是世上的盐——不是'你们应当成为盐'。这不是劝勉而是事实陈述。”
“The light that shines from the disciples is the light of Christ himself. 从门徒身上发出的光就是基督自己的光。”
Ch.7: The Fulfillment of the Law: Christ and Mosaic Law
朋霍费尔处理律法与福音的关系。基督来不是要废掉律法，而是要成全。但这种成全不是简单的道德完善，而是在基督里的全新生命。门徒通过与基督的联合，活出超越律法条文的义。六个"但是我告诉你们"的对比显示了这种超越。
Bonhoeffer addresses the relationship between law and gospel. Christ came not to abolish the law but to fulfill it. But this fulfillment is not simple moral perfection but new life in Christ. Through union with Christ, disciples live out righteousness that transcends legal text. Six 'But I say to you' contrasts show this transcendence.
“Christ is the end of the law precisely because he is its fulfillment. 基督正是因为成全了律法才成为律法的终结。”
“The righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees was the righteousness of works; the righteousness which exceeds theirs is the righteousness of the cross. 文士和法利赛人的义是行为的义；超过他们义的，是十字架的义。”
Ch.8: Revenge and Loving One's Enemies
"不要与恶人作对"和"爱你们的仇敌"是登山宝训最激进的教导。朋霍费尔指出，这不是消极的软弱，而是基督的十字架之路。门徒选择承受恶而不传递恶，这样就打破了恶的循环。爱仇敌不是感情，而是意志的决定，是效法基督的爱。
'Do not resist evil' and 'love your enemies' are the Sermon's most radical teachings. Bonhoeffer shows this is not passive weakness but Christ's way of the cross. Disciples choose to absorb evil rather than transmit it, breaking evil's cycle. Loving enemies is not emotion but will's decision, imitating Christ's love.
“The only way to overcome evil is to let it run itself to a standstill because it does not find the resistance it is looking for. 胜过恶的唯一方法就是让它因为找不到所寻找的抵抗而自行停止。”
“Love your enemies—this is the heart of the gospel, and here is its most distinctive characteristic. 爱你们的仇敌——这是福音的核心，也是福音最独特的特征。”
Ch.9: The Hidden Righteousness: On Alms, Prayer, and Fasting
真正的义是隐藏的义，不是为了被人看见。施舍、祷告、禁食三个传统犹太敬虔行为都可能堕落为虚伪的表演。门徒的义不寻求人的称赞，而是寻求天父的称赞。隐藏性不是技巧，而是内心态度——完全为了神而不为人。
True righteousness is hidden righteousness, not done to be seen by people. Almsgiving, prayer, and fasting—three traditional Jewish pious acts—can all degenerate into hypocritical performance. Disciples' righteousness seeks not human praise but heavenly Father's approval. Hiddenness is not technique but heart attitude—completely for God, not for people.
“Take heed that you do not do your righteousness before men to be seen by them. 你们要小心，不可将善事行在人面前，故意叫他们看见。”
“The right hand must not know what the left hand is doing. This is a demand for unconscious goodness. 右手不要知道左手所做的。这是对无意识善行的要求。”
Ch.10: The Lord's Prayer: The Disciples' Prayer
主祷文是门徒祷告的典范。朋霍费尔逐句解释，强调这是基督教导门徒如何祷告的具体内容。"我们的父"确立了门徒群体的身份，六个祈求展示了门徒生活的优先顺序：先是神的荣耀（名、国、旨意），然后是门徒的需要（日用、赦免、试探）。
The Lord's Prayer is the pattern for disciples' prayer. Bonhoeffer explains phrase by phrase, emphasizing this is the specific content Christ taught disciples for prayer. 'Our Father' establishes the disciple community's identity, six petitions show discipleship priorities: first God's glory (name, kingdom, will), then disciples' needs (daily bread, forgiveness, temptation).
“Our Father in heaven—in this word, Jesus gives his disciples the right to speak to God as he does. 我们在天上的父——在这话中，耶稣给了他的门徒像他一样对神说话的权利。”
“In the Lord's Prayer the disciples pray from the standpoint of the Kingdom of God that has already come. 在主祷文中，门徒是从已经来到的神国立场上祷告。”
Ch.11: Treasures and Anxiety: The Disciples' Simplicity
"不要为自己积攒财宝在地上"——朋霍费尔指出，这不是经济理论而是门徒生活的基本原则。财宝在哪里，心也在哪里。门徒的心应当在天上，因此不能被地上的财物捆绑。不要忧虑是信心的表现，相信天父会供应一切需要。
'Do not store up treasures on earth'—Bonhoeffer shows this is not economic theory but discipleship's basic principle. Where treasure is, there heart is also. Disciples' hearts should be in heaven, therefore cannot be bound by earthly possessions. Not worrying is faith's expression, believing the heavenly Father will provide all needs.
“Where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. 你的财宝在哪里，你的心也在那里。”
“Look at the birds of the air... your heavenly Father feeds them. Are you not of more value than they? 你们看那天上的飞鸟...你们的天父尚且养活它。你们不比飞鸟贵重得多吗？”
Ch.12: Characteristics of the Disciple Community
"不要论断"、"不要把圣物给狗"等教导揭示了门徒群体的内在特质。门徒既不能论断别人，也不能不加分辨地把圣物给不配的人。这需要属灵的智慧和判断力。"你们求，就必得着"的应许是给门徒群体的，因为他们的祈求是按照神的旨意。
'Judge not,' 'do not give dogs what is holy'—these teachings reveal the disciple community's inner characteristics. Disciples cannot judge others but also cannot indiscriminately give holy things to unworthy people. This requires spiritual wisdom and discernment. The promise 'ask and you will receive' is for the disciple community because their requests align with God's will.
“Judge not, that you be not judged. 你们不要论断人，免得你们被论断。”
“Ask, and it will be given you; seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. 你们祈求，就给你们；寻找，就寻见；叩门，就给你们开门。”