人的废黜
The Abolition of Man
C.S.路易斯 / C.S. Lewis
简介 Summary
路易斯对现代教育哲学和道德相对主义的深刻批判。作者预言性地指出，当教育放弃客观价值和道德真理时，将培养出缺乏真正判断力的"没有胸怀的人"。路易斯论证自然律（道德律）的客观存在，警告道德主观主义将导致人性的沦丧。这部薄薄的小册子以其深刻的洞察和预言性的警示，成为批判后现代道德虚无主义的经典之作。
Lewis's profound critique of modern educational philosophy and moral relativism. The author prophetically warns that when education abandons objective values and moral truth, it will produce "men without chests"—people lacking genuine moral judgment. Lewis argues for the objective existence of natural law (moral law), warning that moral subjectivism leads to the debasement of humanity. This slender volume has become a classic critique of postmodern moral nihilism through its profound insights and prophetic warnings.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: Men without Chests
路易斯分析现代教育如何通过"去神秘化"和价值相对主义培养出缺乏道德情感的人。以一本英文教科书为例，展示现代教育者如何将学生的道德直觉消解为纯粹主观的感受，从而阻断了理性与行为之间的情感纽带——"胸怀"。
Lewis analyzes how modern education produces people lacking moral sentiment through 'demythologizing' and value relativism. Using an English textbook as example, he demonstrates how modern educators dissolve students' moral intuitions into purely subjective feelings, thereby severing the emotional bond—the 'chest'—between reason and behavior.
“We make men without chests and expect of them virtue and enterprise. We laugh at honour and are shocked to find traitors in our midst. 我们培养出没有胸怀的人，却期望他们有德行和进取心。我们嘲笑荣誉，却为在我们中间发现背叛者而震惊。”
“The head rules the belly through the chest—the seat... of emotions organized by trained habit into stable sentiments. 头脑通过胸怀来统治腹部——胸怀是……通过训练有素的习惯组织起来的情感，形成稳定情操的所在。”
Ch.2: The Way
论证所有伟大文明都承认一个共同的道德律——"道"。路易斯详细列举古代中国、印度、希腊、犹太、基督教、伊斯兰等文明的道德准则，证明人类对正义、诚实、慈善、勇敢等品德有普世共识。这种一致性表明道德律的客观性。
Argues that all great civilizations acknowledge a common moral law—'the Tao.' Lewis extensively catalogs moral precepts from ancient Chinese, Indian, Greek, Jewish, Christian, Islamic, and other civilizations, proving universal human consensus on virtues like justice, honesty, mercy, and courage. This consistency demonstrates moral law's objectivity.
“The Tao is the sole source of all value judgments. If it is rejected, all value is rejected. 道是一切价值判断的唯一源泉。如果它被拒绝，一切价值都被拒绝。”
“This thing which I have called for convenience the Tao... is the reality beyond all predicates. 我为了方便称之为'道'的这个东西……是超越一切谓词的实在。”
Ch.3: The Abolition of Man
路易斯的预言性警告：当人类试图通过科技和理性"征服"自然时，最终会导致人性本身的废黜。"条件作用者"（那些拥有改造人性技术的少数人）将根据自己的主观价值观重塑人类，而非基于客观的道德律，这将导致真正人性的终结。
Lewis's prophetic warning: when humanity attempts to 'conquer' nature through technology and reason, it ultimately leads to the abolition of human nature itself. 'Conditioners' (the few who possess human-reshaping technology) will remake humanity according to their subjective values rather than objective moral law, leading to the end of authentic humanity.
“Man's conquest of Nature turns out, in the moment of its consummation, to be Nature's conquest of Man. 人对自然的征服，在其实现的那一刻，原来是自然对人的征服。”
“Each new power won by man is a power over man as well. Each advance leaves him weaker as well as stronger. 人类赢得的每一种新力量，也是对人的力量。每一次进步都既让他更强，也让他更弱。”
“What we call Man's power is, in reality, a power possessed by some men which they may, or may not, allow other men to profit by. 我们所说的人的力量，实际上是一些人拥有的力量，他们可能允许，也可能不允许其他人从中获益。”
Appendix: Illustrations of the Tao
路易斯提供来自各大文明的道德律具体例证，包括：对长者的孝顺、对后代的责任、正义、诚实、慈悲、特殊恩情（如父母之爱）等普世价值。这个附录为第二章的论述提供详实的文献支持，证明道德律确实跨越文化界限。
Lewis provides specific examples of moral law from major civilizations, including: filial duty to elders, responsibility to posterity, justice, honesty, mercy, special affections (like parental love), and other universal values. This appendix provides extensive documentary support for Chapter 2's argument, proving moral law truly transcends cultural boundaries.
“Children, old men, the poor, and the sick, should be considered as lords of the atmosphere. 孩童、老人、穷人和病人，应当被视为大气的主人。（印度教）”
“Never do to others what you would not like them to do to you. 己所不欲，勿施于人。（中国儒家）”
“Love your neighbor as yourself. 要爱人如己。（犹太-基督教）”