人权需要超越性的基础

核心论证 Core Argument

如果上帝不存在，人权就失去了客观基础。历史上人权的概念正是从基督教神学中发展出来的：人按上帝的形象被造（创世记1:27），因此每个人都有固有的、不可剥夺的尊严和价值。在纯粹唯物主义的框架下，人类只是所谓进化过程的偶然产物——凭什么享有"神圣不可侵犯"的权利？ 独立宣言说"人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利"——注意这里明确将权利的来源归于"造物主"。这不是偶然的措辞，而是反映了洛克和杰弗逊等人的信念：没有超越性的基础，人权就只是人类的约定，可以被其他人类约定取消。 从历史来看，基督教一直是人权和社会正义运动的主要推动力：废奴运动（威廉·威尔伯福斯）、民权运动（马丁·路德·金）、反种族隔离（德斯蒙德·图图）、妇女教育、医疗服务、反人口贩卖。这些运动的领袖不仅是基督徒，而且他们的动力明确来自基督教信念——每个人按上帝形象被造。 世俗人文主义试图在没有上帝的情况下维持人权，但面临着"搭便车"问题——他们享受基督教遗产的果实，同时砍掉产生这些果实的根。尼采比当代的新无神论者更诚实：他认识到"上帝死了"意味着一切价值——包括人权——都需要被重新评估。

Without God, human rights lose their objective foundation. Historically, human rights concepts developed precisely from Christian theology: humans made in God's image (Genesis 1:27), giving every person inherent, inalienable dignity and worth. In a purely materialist framework, humans are merely accidental products of supposed evolutionary processes — what grounds 'sacred and inviolable' rights? The Declaration of Independence states 'all men are created equal, endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights' — explicitly attributing rights to a 'Creator.' This wasn't accidental but reflects Locke's and Jefferson's conviction: without a transcendent foundation, rights are merely human conventions cancelable by other conventions. Historically, Christianity has driven human rights and social justice movements: abolition (William Wilberforce), civil rights (Martin Luther King Jr.), anti-apartheid (Desmond Tutu), women's education, healthcare, anti-trafficking. These leaders were not just Christians but explicitly motivated by Christian conviction — every person made in God's image. Secular humanism tries maintaining rights without God, but faces a 'free rider' problem — enjoying the fruits of Christian heritage while cutting the root that produced them. Nietzsche was more honest than today's new atheists: he recognized 'God is dead' means all values — including human rights — require reevaluation.