系统神学

Chapter 1: Introduction to Systematic Theology

本章探讨神学研究导论。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores Introduction to Systematic Theology. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 2: The Word of God

本章探讨圣经的话语。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores The Word of God. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 3: The Canon of Scripture

本章探讨圣经的正典。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores The Canon of Scripture. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 4: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (1) Authority

本章探讨圣经的四个特征。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores The Four Characteristics of Scripture. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 5: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (2) Clarity

本章探讨圣经的四个特征。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores The Four Characteristics of Scripture. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 6: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (3) Inerrancy

本章探讨圣经的四个特征。这是系统神学的重要基础主题。

This chapter explores The Four Characteristics of Scripture. This is an important foundational topic in systematic theology.

Chapter 7: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (3) Necessity

Grudem论证圣经对于认识上帝和救恩是必要的。虽然自然启示能显明上帝的存在和某些属性，但它无法提供关于救恩的知识。只有特殊启示（圣经）才能告诉我们如何与上帝建立正确的关系，如何得到罪的赦免，如何获得永生。因此，圣经不是可有可无的装饰品，而是绝对必要的生命手册。

Grudem argues that Scripture is necessary for knowing God and salvation. While natural revelation can show God's existence and some attributes, it cannot provide knowledge about salvation. Only special revelation (Scripture) can tell us how to have a right relationship with God, how to receive forgiveness of sins, and how to obtain eternal life. Therefore, Scripture is not optional decoration but an absolutely necessary manual for life.

Chapter 8: The Four Characteristics of Scripture: (4) Sufficiency

圣经的充足性意味着圣经包含了上帝要我们相信和遵行的一切必要真理。我们不需要在圣经之外寻求额外的启示来过讨上帝喜悦的生活。这不是说圣经涵盖了所有知识领域，而是说在信仰和道德方面，圣经是完全充足的，提供了一切必要的指导。

Scripture's sufficiency means the Bible contains all the truth God requires us to believe and obey. We need not seek additional revelation beyond Scripture to live lives pleasing to God. This doesn't mean Scripture covers all knowledge, but that it is completely sufficient for faith and practice, providing all necessary guidance for salvation and Christian living.

Chapter 9: The Existence of God

Grudem从宇宙论证、设计论证、道德论证和人类普遍宗教经验四个方面论证上帝存在。虽然这些论证不能绝对证明上帝的存在，但它们提供了有力的理由，使信仰成为合理的选择。最重要的是，人心深处有对上帝的知觉（sensus divinitatis），这种知觉被罪扭曲但从未完全消失。

Grudem presents four arguments for God's existence: cosmological, teleological, moral, and the universal religious experience of humanity. While these don't absolutely prove God's existence, they provide strong reasons making faith a reasonable choice. Most importantly, humans have an innate sense of divinity (sensus divinitatis) that is distorted by sin but never completely eliminated.

Chapter 10: The Knowability of God

人能够认识上帝，但这种认识既有可能性也有限制。一方面，上帝按自己的形象造人，使人有理性和灵性来认识他；另一方面，罪使人的认知能力受损。因此，我们对上帝的认识永远是部分的、渐进的，但仍然是真实的和有意义的，足以建立个人关系。

Humans can know God, but this knowledge has both possibilities and limitations. On one hand, God made humans in his image with rationality and spirituality to know him; on the other hand, sin has damaged human cognitive abilities. Therefore, our knowledge of God is always partial and progressive, yet still real and meaningful, sufficient for personal relationship.

Chapter 11: The Character of God: Incommunicable Attributes

上帝的不可传递属性是只属于上帝、受造物不能分享的属性。包括：独立性（上帝不依赖任何受造物而存在）、不变性（上帝的本质、属性、目的和应许永不改变）、永恒性（上帝超越时间限制）、无所不在（上帝的临在充满宇宙但不受空间限制）。这些属性显明上帝的超越性和独特性。

God's incommunicable attributes belong to God alone and cannot be shared by creatures. They include: independence (God's existence is not dependent on any creature), immutability (God's essence, attributes, purposes, and promises never change), eternity (God transcends temporal limitations), and omnipresence (God's presence fills the universe without being limited by space). These attributes reveal God's transcendence and uniqueness.

Chapter 12: The Character of God: Communicable Attributes Part 1

上帝的可传递属性（第一部分）包括那些受造物能在有限程度上分享的属性。上帝是灵，不受物质身体限制；上帝是全知的，知道一切实际和可能的事情；上帝是全智的，总是选择最好的目标和最佳手段；上帝是真实的，在言语和行为上完全诚实可靠。

God's communicable attributes (Part 1) include those that creatures can share to a limited degree. God is spirit, not limited by a physical body; God is omniscient, knowing all things actual and possible; God is all-wise, always choosing the best goals and the best means; God is truthful, completely reliable in his words and actions.

Chapter 13: The Character of God: Communicable Attributes Part 2

上帝可传递属性（第二部分）的核心是上帝的道德属性。上帝是爱，这是他本性的根本特征；上帝有恩典，向不配得的人施恩；上帝有怜悯，对受苦者同情；上帝有忍耐，对罪人宽容等待；上帝是圣洁的，完全分别为圣且憎恶罪恶；上帝是公义的，总是按照自己的标准行事。

The communicable attributes of God (Part 2) center on God's moral attributes. God is love, which is a fundamental characteristic of his nature; God is gracious, showing favor to the undeserving; God is merciful, showing compassion to those in misery; God is patient, tolerating sinners with forbearance; God is holy, completely set apart and opposed to sin; God is righteous, always acting according to his own perfect standards.

Chapter 14: God in Three Persons: The Trinity

三位一体是基督教信仰的核心教义：只有一位上帝，但这位上帝永恒地存在于三个位格中——圣父、圣子、圣灵。每个位格都是完全的上帝，分享同样的神性本质，但在经世工作上有不同的角色。这个教义既维护了一神论，又解释了新约中三个神圣位格的显明。

The Trinity is the central doctrine of Christian faith: there is one God who eternally exists in three persons—Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each person is fully God, sharing the same divine essence, while having distinct roles in the economy of salvation. This doctrine maintains monotheism while explaining the revelation of three divine persons in the New Testament.

Chapter 15: Creation

Grudem论述上帝从无中创造宇宙的教义（ex nihilo）。创造是上帝自由的行为，不是出于需要而是出于他的美意。上帝说话，世界就存在，显明他话语的能力。创造的目的是为了彰显上帝的荣耀。人类作为上帝形象的承担者，在受造界中有特殊地位和责任。

Grudem explains the doctrine of God's creation of the universe ex nihilo (from nothing). Creation is God's free act, not from necessity but from his good pleasure. God spoke and the world came into existence, demonstrating the power of his word. The purpose of creation is to display God's glory. Humans, as bearers of God's image, have special status and responsibility in creation.

Chapter 16: God's Providence

上帝的护理包括三个方面：保守（上帝维持万物继续存在）、协作（上帝与受造物一同工作实现他的目的）、管理（上帝引导一切事情按照他的计划发展）。上帝护理的范围涵盖宇宙中的一切事物，甚至包括看似偶然的事件和人的自由选择。

God's providence has three aspects: preservation (God keeps all things in existence), concurrence (God cooperates with created things in every action), and government (God directs all things to fulfill his purposes). The scope of God's providence covers everything in the universe, including seemingly random events and human free choices.

Chapter 17: Miracles

神迹是上帝的超自然作为，超越或违背通常的自然规律。神迹的目的不仅仅是显示能力，更是为了确认上帝的话语和使者，指向属灵真理。新约时代神迹特别多，是为了确立基督和使徒的权威。今天神迹仍然可能发生，但不像使徒时代那样常见。

Miracles are supernatural works of God that go beyond or against the usual patterns of nature. The purpose of miracles is not merely to display power, but to confirm God's word and messengers, pointing to spiritual truths. Miracles were especially abundant in the New Testament era to establish the authority of Christ and the apostles. Miracles can still occur today but are not as common as in the apostolic era.

Chapter 18: Prayer

祷告是上帝赐给基督徒与他交通的特权。真正的祷告包括敬拜、认罪、感谢和祈求。上帝应许垂听祷告，但他按照自己的智慧和时间来回应。祷告不是改变上帝的心意，而是上帝预定用来成就他旨意的方式。奉耶稣的名祷告意味着依据基督的功德和与他的关系来祷告。

Prayer is a privilege God gives to Christians for fellowship with him. True prayer includes worship, confession, thanksgiving, and petition. God promises to hear prayer but responds according to his wisdom and timing. Prayer doesn't change God's mind but is the means God has ordained to accomplish his will. Praying in Jesus' name means praying on the basis of Christ's merit and our relationship with him.

Chapter 19: Angels

天使是上帝创造的灵体，比人类更有能力但仍是受造物。他们的主要职责是敬拜上帝、服侍信徒、传达上帝的信息。天使有等级结构，包括天使长、基路伯、撒拉弗等。圣经警告不要敬拜天使，因为他们只是上帝的仆人。现今天使仍在活动，但我们不应过分关注他们而忽略了对上帝本身的敬拜。

Angels are created spiritual beings, more powerful than humans but still creatures. Their primary duties are worshiping God, serving believers, and communicating God's messages. Angels have a hierarchical structure including archangels, cherubim, seraphim, etc. Scripture warns against worshiping angels since they are only God's servants. Angels are still active today, but we should not focus excessively on them while neglecting worship of God himself.

Chapter 20: Satan and Demons

撒但原本是一位高级天使，因骄傲而堕落，成为上帝和人类的敌人。邪灵（魔鬼）是跟随撒但背叛上帝的堕落天使。他们试图引诱人犯罪，阻挠上帝的计划，但他们的能力是有限的，最终必被审判。基督在十字架上已经得胜，信徒可以靠着基督的名和圣经真理抵挡魔鬼的攻击。

Satan was originally a high-ranking angel who fell through pride and became the enemy of God and humanity. Demons are fallen angels who followed Satan in rebellion against God. They seek to tempt humans to sin and hinder God's plans, but their power is limited and they will ultimately be judged. Christ has already won the victory at the cross, and believers can resist demonic attacks through Christ's name and biblical truth.

Chapter 21: The Creation of Man

人是按照上帝的形象受造的，这是人类尊严的根基。上帝的形象包括理性、道德、关系、创造力、统治权等方面。虽然罪败坏了上帝的形象，但没有完全消除它。救恩的目标是在基督里恢复上帝的形象。每个人都承载上帝的形象，这为人权、平等、道德责任提供了神学基础。

Humans are created in the image of God, which is the foundation of human dignity. God's image includes aspects like rationality, morality, relationships, creativity, and dominion. Although sin corrupted the image of God, it didn't completely destroy it. The goal of salvation is to restore God's image in Christ. Every person bears God's image, providing the theological basis for human rights, equality, and moral responsibility.

Chapter 22: Man as Male and Female

上帝创造人为男和女，这种性别差异是上帝美好设计的一部分。男女在本质和价值上完全平等，都承载上帝的形象，但在角色上有所不同。婚姻是上帝设立的圣洁制度，男女互补的关系反映了基督与教会的关系。这种设计为家庭、教会和社会提供了秩序和和谐。

God created humanity as male and female, and this gender distinction is part of God's good design. Men and women are completely equal in essence and value, both bearing God's image, but have distinct roles. Marriage is a holy institution established by God, and the complementary relationship between men and women reflects the relationship between Christ and the church. This design provides order and harmony for family, church, and society.

Chapter 23: The Essential Nature of Man

关于人的本质构成，主要有二分论（人由灵魂和身体组成）和三分论（人由灵、魂、身体组成）。Grudem倾向于二分论，认为'灵'和'魂'在圣经中往往可以互换使用，都指向人非物质的一面。灵魂是人格的所在，在死后继续存在，将来要与复活的身体重新结合。这个观点影响我们对死亡、复活和永恒的理解。

Regarding human nature, there are two main views: dichotomy (humans consist of soul and body) and trichotomy (humans consist of spirit, soul, and body). Grudem favors dichotomy, arguing that 'spirit' and 'soul' are often used interchangeably in Scripture, both referring to the immaterial aspect of humanity. The soul is the seat of personality that continues to exist after death and will be reunited with the resurrected body. This view affects our understanding of death, resurrection, and eternity.

Chapter 24: Sin

罪是人对上帝律法的违背，根源在于亚当的堕落。原罪教义表明所有人都在亚当里犯了罪，承继了罪的本性。全然败坏意味着罪影响了人性的每个方面，使人无法靠自己得救。但人并非完全邪恶，仍保留上帝形象的痕迹。只有上帝的恩典才能克服罪的权势，带来真正的救恩。

Sin is humanity's violation of God's law, originating from Adam's fall. The doctrine of original sin shows that all people sinned in Adam and inherited a sinful nature. Total depravity means sin affects every aspect of human nature, making salvation by human effort impossible. However, humans aren't utterly evil and still retain traces of God's image. Only God's grace can overcome sin's power and bring true salvation.

Chapter 25: The Covenants Between God and Man

上帝与人建立了两个重要的约：行为之约和恩典之约。行为之约是上帝与亚当在伊甸园中立的约，条件是完全顺服，奖赏是永生，惩罚是死亡。亚当违背了这约，带来咒诅。恩典之约是上帝在人堕落后设立的救恩之约，以基督的顺服为基础，靠恩典通过信心获得。旧约的各个具体的约都是恩典之约的不同表达。

God made two important covenants with humanity: the covenant of works and the covenant of grace. The covenant of works was made with Adam in Eden, with perfect obedience as the condition, eternal life as the reward, and death as the punishment. Adam broke this covenant, bringing curse. The covenant of grace was established after the fall as God's salvation covenant, based on Christ's obedience and received by grace through faith. The various specific covenants in the Old Testament are different expressions of the covenant of grace.

Chapter 26: The Person of Christ

基督的位格是基督论的核心议题。耶稣基督是真神也是真人，具有完全的神性和完全的人性，二性联合在一个位格中。道成肉身是神子取了人性而成为神人。这个教义经过早期教会会议的确认，特别是迦克墩会议的四个要点：两性完全、两性真实、两性区别、两性联合。基督的神人二性对救赎工作是必要的。

The person of Christ is the central issue in Christology. Jesus Christ is both true God and true man, having complete divine nature and complete human nature united in one person. The incarnation is the Son of God taking human nature to become the God-man. This doctrine was confirmed through early church councils, especially the Council of Chalcedon's four points: two natures complete, two natures real, two natures distinct, two natures united. Christ's divine-human nature is necessary for the work of salvation.

Chapter 27: The Atonement

赎罪是基督救赎工作的核心。基督作为我们的代替者，承担了我们应受的刑罚，满足了上帝公义的要求。代替性赎罪包括代替性刑罚（基督代我们受死）和代替性顺服（基督代我们行义）。基督的死不仅移除了我们的罪，也为我们赢得了永生。这种代替是必要的，因为我们无法自己满足神圣公义的要求。

The atonement is the heart of Christ's redemptive work. Christ, as our substitute, bore the punishment we deserved and satisfied God's righteous demands. Substitutionary atonement includes both penal substitution (Christ died for us) and vicarious obedience (Christ obeyed for us). Christ's death not only removed our sin but also earned eternal life for us. This substitution is necessary because we cannot satisfy divine justice ourselves.

Chapter 28: Resurrection and Ascension

基督的复活和升天证实了他神性的身份，显明救赎工作的完成，并为信徒的未来复活提供保证。复活不是灵魂的复活，而是身体的复活，但是荣耀、不朽坏的身体。升天是基督荣耀地回到天父面前，开始他天上的祭司工作，为信徒代求。基督现在坐在神的右边，等候再来建立他的国度。

Christ's resurrection and ascension confirm his divine identity, demonstrate the completion of redemptive work, and provide assurance of believers' future resurrection. The resurrection is not merely spiritual but bodily, though a glorified, incorruptible body. The ascension is Christ's glorious return to the Father to begin his heavenly priestly work, interceding for believers. Christ now sits at God's right hand, awaiting his return to establish his kingdom.

Chapter 29: The Offices of Christ

基督执行三重职分：先知、祭司、君王。作为先知，基督是上帝的终极启示，向人类宣告上帝的旨意。作为祭司，基督既是献祭者又是祭物，为罪人献上自己作赎价，并持续为信徒代求。作为君王，基督统治上帝的国度，现在在信徒心中作王，将来要在全地作王。这三重职分涵盖了基督救赎工作的完整性。

Christ fulfills the threefold office of prophet, priest, and king. As prophet, Christ is God's ultimate revelation, proclaiming God's will to humanity. As priest, Christ is both the one who offers and the offering itself, giving himself as ransom for sinners and continually interceding for believers. As king, Christ rules God's kingdom, now reigning in believers' hearts and will reign over all the earth in the future. This threefold office encompasses the completeness of Christ's redemptive work.

Chapter 30: The Work of the Holy Spirit

圣灵是三位一体的第三个位格，与父、子同等。圣灵的工作包括：重生罪人、使人信主、住在信徒心中、引导进入真理、结出圣灵果子、赐下恩赐、为基督作见证。圣灵是应用救恩的主体，使基督的救赎工作在个人生命中成为现实。信徒与圣灵的关系包括被圣灵充满、顺从圣灵引导、不要消灭圣灵的感动。

The Holy Spirit is the third person of the Trinity, equal with the Father and Son. The Spirit's work includes: regenerating sinners, enabling faith, dwelling in believers, leading into truth, producing spiritual fruit, giving gifts, and bearing witness to Christ. The Spirit is the agent who applies salvation, making Christ's redemptive work real in individual lives. Believers' relationship with the Spirit includes being filled with the Spirit, following the Spirit's guidance, and not quenching the Spirit's work.

Chapter 31: Common Grace

普遍恩典是上帝赐给全人类（包括非信徒）的恩典，不直接关乎救恩。它包括：维持宇宙秩序、约束罪恶、赐予文化能力、给予良心、提供自然启示等。普遍恩典解释了为什么非信徒也能行善、创造美好事物、建立公正制度。它显明上帝对所有受造物的慈爱，也使人更加无可推诿。普遍恩典为基督徒参与社会文化提供了神学基础。

Common grace is God's grace given to all humanity (including unbelievers) that doesn't directly relate to salvation. It includes: maintaining cosmic order, restraining evil, granting cultural abilities, providing conscience, and offering natural revelation. Common grace explains why unbelievers can also do good, create beautiful things, and establish just institutions. It reveals God's love for all creatures and makes humans more inexcusable. Common grace provides theological foundation for Christians' participation in society and culture.

Chapter 32: Election and Reprobation

拣选是上帝在创世以前的永恒决定，凭自己的美意选择一些人得救恩。遗弃是上帝决定不选择其余人得救，让他们承受自己罪的后果。这些决定基于上帝的主权和美意，不是因预见人的信心或善行。拣选教义强调救恩完全出于上帝恩典，激励信徒感恩敬拜，也提醒传福音的紧迫性。

Election is God's eternal decision before creation to choose some people for salvation according to his good pleasure. Reprobation is God's decision not to choose others for salvation, leaving them to bear the consequences of their sin. These decisions are based on God's sovereignty and good pleasure, not on foreseeing human faith or good works. The doctrine of election emphasizes that salvation is entirely by God's grace, motivates believers to grateful worship, and reminds us of the urgency of evangelism.

Chapter 33: The Gospel Call and Effective Calling

福音呼召是向所有人宣讲的普遍邀请，而有效呼召是圣灵在选民心中的特别工作，使他们能够并愿意回应福音。外在呼召可能被拒绝，但内在呼召不可抗拒地带来救恩。有效呼召包括上帝赐给人理解福音的能力、认识罪的可怕、意识到需要救主、以及信靠基督的意愿。这种呼召在上帝预定的时间临到每个选民。

The gospel call is the general invitation proclaimed to all people, while effective calling is the Spirit's special work in the elect that enables and inclines them to respond to the gospel. The external call can be rejected, but the internal call irresistibly brings salvation. Effective calling includes God giving people the ability to understand the gospel, recognize sin's horror, realize their need for a Savior, and the willingness to trust Christ. This calling comes to every elect person at God's appointed time.

Chapter 34: Regeneration

重生是上帝使属灵死亡的罪人获得属灵生命的行动。这是上帝单方面的工作，发生在人相信之前或同时，给人新的心和新的灵。重生的人有新的性情，能够理解属灵事物，愿意顺服上帝，憎恶罪恶。重生是瞬间完成的，但其效果会在整个基督徒生活中逐渐显明。这是救恩过程中必不可少的一步。

Regeneration is God's act of giving spiritual life to spiritually dead sinners. This is God's unilateral work that occurs before or simultaneous with faith, giving people a new heart and new spirit. The regenerate person has a new nature, can understand spiritual things, desires to obey God, and hates sin. Regeneration is completed instantaneously, but its effects gradually become evident throughout the Christian life. This is an indispensable step in the salvation process.

Chapter 35: Conversion (Faith and Repentance)

悔改包括人对福音的全面回应：信心和悔改。信心是相信基督并信靠他得救恩的决定。真信心包括知识（了解福音事实）、赞同（相信这些事实）、信靠（个人依靠基督）。悔改是为罪忧伤并转离罪恶归向上帝。信心和悔改是同时发生的，是人对上帝恩典的回应，但这回应本身也是上帝恩典的产物。

Conversion includes humanity's comprehensive response to the gospel: faith and repentance. Faith is the decision to believe in Christ and trust him for salvation. True faith includes knowledge (understanding gospel facts), assent (believing these facts), and trust (personally relying on Christ). Repentance is sorrow for sin and turning from sin to God. Faith and repentance occur simultaneously as human response to God's grace, but this response is itself a product of God's grace.

Chapter 36: Justification

称义是上帝的法理行动，他宣告信徒在他面前为义。这种义不是我们自己的，而是基督的义归算给我们。称义包括两个要素：赦免（上帝不再算我们为有罪）和算义（上帝算我们为义）。称义是瞬间完成的，不是渐进的过程。它基于基督的义，通过信心接受，完全是恩典的礼物。称义给信徒带来平安和确据。

Justification is God's forensic act declaring believers righteous before him. This righteousness is not our own but Christ's righteousness imputed to us. Justification has two elements: forgiveness (God no longer counts us guilty) and imputation of righteousness (God counts us as righteous). Justification is completed instantaneously, not a gradual process. It is based on Christ's righteousness, received through faith, and is entirely a gift of grace. Justification brings believers peace and assurance.

Chapter 37: Adoption

收养是上帝的行动，接纳信徒进入他的家庭作为他的儿女。这给信徒带来特殊的特权：可以称上帝为阿爸父、能够坦然无惧地到上帝面前、享受天父的保护和供应、与基督同为后嗣、有圣灵住在心里作印记。收养强调了救恩关系性的一面，不只是法理的地位改变，更是进入上帝的家庭，享受父子亲情。

Adoption is God's act of receiving believers into his family as his children. This gives believers special privileges: calling God 'Abba Father,' approaching God with confidence, enjoying the Father's protection and provision, being joint heirs with Christ, and having the Spirit dwelling within as a seal. Adoption emphasizes the relational aspect of salvation—not just a legal status change, but entering God's family and enjoying paternal intimacy.

Chapter 38: Sanctification

成圣是上帝使信徒在实际生活中越来越圣洁的渐进过程。与称义不同，成圣是一生的过程，信徒与上帝合作，靠圣灵的能力胜过罪恶，在义行上成长。成圣包括治死罪性和活出新生命。虽然今生不能达到完全，但信徒应当竭力追求圣洁。成圣的动机是爱上帝、感恩救恩，而不是赚取救恩。

Sanctification is God's progressive work making believers increasingly holy in actual life. Unlike justification, sanctification is a lifelong process where believers cooperate with God, overcoming sin and growing in righteous living through the Spirit's power. Sanctification includes putting sin to death and living out new life. While perfection cannot be achieved in this life, believers should earnestly pursue holiness. The motivation for sanctification is love for God and gratitude for salvation, not earning salvation.

Chapter 39: Baptism in and Filling with the Holy Spirit

圣灵的洗和圣灵充满是基督徒经历中的重要概念。圣灵的洗发生在重生时，将信徒纳入基督的身体（教会），是一次性的经历。圣灵充满是信徒将生命完全交给圣灵掌管的经历，可以重复发生。被圣灵充满的人会结出属灵果子，运用属灵恩赐，有能力为基督作见证。信徒应当持续寻求被圣灵充满。

Baptism in the Holy Spirit and filling with the Spirit are important concepts in Christian experience. Baptism in the Spirit occurs at regeneration, incorporating believers into Christ's body (the church), and is a one-time experience. Filling with the Spirit is believers' experience of yielding their lives completely to the Spirit's control, which can happen repeatedly. Spirit-filled people produce spiritual fruit, exercise spiritual gifts, and have power to witness for Christ. Believers should continuously seek to be filled with the Spirit.

Chapter 40: The Perseverance of the Saints

圣徒的坚忍是教义，即真正的信徒将坚持信仰直到最终得救。这不意味着基督徒不会犯罪或疑惑，而是说他们不会完全、最终地背离信仰。上帝保守选民直到最终荣耀，这基于上帝的应许、基督的代求、圣灵的内住。信徒的责任是持续在恩典中成长，使用蒙恩管道，抵挡试探。这教义给真信徒带来确据和安慰。

The perseverance of the saints is the doctrine that true believers will persist in faith until final salvation. This doesn't mean Christians won't sin or doubt, but that they won't completely and finally fall away from faith. God preserves the elect until final glorification, based on God's promises, Christ's intercession, and the Spirit's indwelling. Believers' responsibility is to continue growing in grace, using means of grace, and resisting temptation. This doctrine brings assurance and comfort to true believers.

Chapter 41: Death and the Intermediate State

死亡是罪的结果，但对信徒而言不是咒诅而是进入荣耀的门户。中间状态是指人死后到复活前的状态。信徒死后灵魂立即与基督同在天堂，经历有意识的福乐，但还不是最终完全的状态。非信徒死后在阴间受苦，等候最终审判。中间状态是真实的个人存在，不是灵魂睡眠，但也不是最终的天堂或地狱。

Death is the result of sin, but for believers it's not a curse but a gateway to glory. The intermediate state refers to the condition between death and resurrection. Believers' souls immediately go to be with Christ in heaven after death, experiencing conscious blessedness, though not yet in the final perfect state. Unbelievers suffer in Hades after death, awaiting final judgment. The intermediate state is real personal existence, not soul sleep, but also not final heaven or hell.

Chapter 42: Glorification

荣耀化是救恩的最终阶段，信徒将完全脱离罪恶，获得不死、荣耀的复活身体，完全像基督。这包括身体的复活和道德的完全。复活的身体有连续性（仍然是我们的身体）也有变化（荣耀、不朽、大有能力）。荣耀化发生在基督再来时，所有死去的信徒同时复活，活着的信徒身体转变。这是信徒盼望的顶峰。

Glorification is the final stage of salvation when believers are completely freed from sin and receive immortal, glorified resurrection bodies, fully like Christ. This includes bodily resurrection and moral perfection. The resurrection body has continuity (still our body) and transformation (glorious, imperishable, powerful). Glorification occurs at Christ's return, when all deceased believers resurrect simultaneously and living believers are transformed. This is the culmination of believers' hope.

Chapter 43: Union with Christ

与基督联合是救恩各个环节的基础。信徒在永恒中被拣选在基督里，在历史中与基督的死和复活联合，现在与基督一同坐在天上，将来与他一同在荣耀里。这种联合是真实的、有机的、不可分割的。称义、成圣、收养等都是在与基督联合的基础上发生的。这个真理给信徒带来身份认同、安全感和成长的动力。

Union with Christ is the foundation of all aspects of salvation. Believers are chosen in Christ in eternity, united with Christ's death and resurrection in history, now seated with Christ in heavenly places, and will be with him in glory in the future. This union is real, organic, and indissoluble. Justification, sanctification, adoption, etc., all occur on the basis of union with Christ. This truth gives believers identity, security, and motivation for growth.

Chapter 44: The Church: Nature, Marks, Purposes

教会是神的子民、基督的身体、圣灵的殿。教会的本质是被神呼召出来的会众。教会的记号包括：忠实传讲神的话语、正确施行圣礼、执行教会纪律。教会的目的是：敬拜神、造就信徒、向世界宣教。有形教会包括所有承认信仰的人，无形教会只包括真正的信徒。地方教会是普世教会在特定地区的表达。

The church is the people of God, the body of Christ, and the temple of the Holy Spirit. The church's nature is a congregation called out by God. The marks of the church include: faithful preaching of God's Word, proper administration of sacraments, and exercise of church discipline. The church's purposes are: worshiping God, edifying believers, and mission to the world. The visible church includes all who profess faith; the invisible church includes only true believers. Local churches are expressions of the universal church in specific locations.

Chapter 45: The Purity and Unity of the Church

教会的纯洁性涉及在教义和道德上保持忠于圣经标准。教会应当通过正确的教导、圣礼、纪律来维护纯洁。然而，在有罪的世界中，教会的纯洁永远是相对的。教会的合一基于共同的信仰、希望、爱，超越种族、文化、社会差异。合一不意味着组织上的统一，而是属灵的契合。分裂有时是必要的，但应当尽力保持合一。

The church's purity involves maintaining fidelity to biblical standards in doctrine and morality. The church should maintain purity through proper teaching, sacraments, and discipline. However, in a sinful world, the church's purity is always relative. Church unity is based on common faith, hope, and love, transcending racial, cultural, and social differences. Unity doesn't mean organizational uniformity but spiritual fellowship. Sometimes division is necessary, but every effort should be made to preserve unity.

Chapter 46: The Power of the Church

教会的权柄来自基督，是服务性的而不是专制的。教会有权传讲神的话语、施行圣礼、执行纪律、按立圣职。这些权柄必须按照圣经行使。教会纪律的目的是恢复犯罪的信徒，保护教会的见证，威慑其他人犯罪。纪律应当循序渐进，从私下劝告开始，最终可能导致革出教会。教会权柄的界限是神的话语。

The church's power comes from Christ and is ministerial, not magisterial. The church has authority to preach God's Word, administer sacraments, exercise discipline, and ordain officers. These authorities must be exercised according to Scripture. Church discipline aims to restore sinning believers, protect the church's witness, and deter others from sin. Discipline should be progressive, starting with private admonition and potentially leading to excommunication. The limit of church authority is God's Word.

Chapter 47: Church Government

教会治理有三种主要形式：主教制（主教统治）、长老制（长老代表制）、会众制（会众自治）。Grudem倾向于认为长老制最符合圣经模式。教会应有多位长老（监督、牧师）负责教导和治理，执事负责慈惠事工。长老必须符合圣经资格，由会众选举产生。妇女在教会中有重要服侍，但Grudem认为长老职分限于男性。

There are three main forms of church government: episcopal (bishops rule), presbyterian (representative government by elders), and congregational (congregational autonomy). Grudem inclines toward presbyterianism as most biblical. Churches should have multiple elders (overseers, pastors) responsible for teaching and governing, with deacons responsible for mercy ministries. Elders must meet biblical qualifications and be chosen by the congregation. Women have important ministries in the church, but Grudem believes the office of elder is restricted to men.

Chapter 48: Means of Grace Within the Church

恩典的媒介是神赐给教会的工具，藉此信徒在恩典中成长。主要包括：读经、祷告、团契、主日敬拜、圣礼等。这些不是自动有效的，而是神通常使用的方式。定期参与这些活动对属灵成长至关重要。教会应当鼓励并提供这些媒介，帮助信徒建立属灵操练。个人虔敬与集体敬拜同样重要。

Means of grace are tools God gives the church through which believers grow in grace. They include: Bible reading, prayer, fellowship, Lord's Day worship, sacraments, etc. These aren't automatically effective but are the ordinary means God uses. Regular participation in these activities is crucial for spiritual growth. The church should encourage and provide these means, helping believers establish spiritual disciplines. Personal devotion and corporate worship are equally important.

Chapter 49: Baptism

洗礼是基督设立的圣礼，象征与基督联合的死而复活，并作为进入教会的标记。关于洗礼方式，Grudem认为浸礼最符合圣经象征意义。关于受洗对象，他倾向于信徒洗礼（成人洗礼），认为应当在个人信仰告白后施洗。婴儿洗礼虽有传统支持，但缺乏明确的圣经根据。洗礼不能拯救，但是信徒顺服的重要表达。

Baptism is a sacrament instituted by Christ, symbolizing death and resurrection in union with Christ and serving as a sign of church membership. Regarding baptismal mode, Grudem believes immersion best represents the biblical symbolism. Regarding subjects, he favors believer's baptism (adult baptism), believing baptism should follow personal confession of faith. While infant baptism has traditional support, it lacks clear biblical foundation. Baptism doesn't save but is an important expression of believers' obedience.

Chapter 50: The Lord's Supper

主餐（圣餐）是基督设立的另一个圣礼，纪念他的死、宣告他的再来、表达与基督及肢体的联合。关于圣餐的性质，改革宗观点认为饼和杯仍然是饼和杯，但通过圣灵的工作，成为基督身体和血的属灵象征。圣餐应当在信徒中举行，需要自省和信心。频率可以定期但不必过于频繁。圣餐加强信徒的信心和教会的合一。

The Lord's Supper is the other sacrament instituted by Christ, commemorating his death, proclaiming his return, and expressing union with Christ and fellow believers. Regarding the nature of communion, the Reformed view sees the bread and wine as still bread and wine, but through the Spirit's work, they become spiritual symbols of Christ's body and blood. Communion should be observed among believers with self-examination and faith. It can be regular but need not be overly frequent. Communion strengthens believers' faith and church unity.

Chapter 51: Worship

敬拜是对神的价值和尊贵的认知与回应。真正的敬拜包括心灵（内在态度）和诚实（符合真理）。敬拜的要素包括：颂赞、祈祷、读经、讲道、圣礼、奉献等。敬拜应当以神为中心，高举基督，依靠圣灵。敬拜形式可以多样化，但必须合乎圣经。音乐是敬拜的重要部分，但不是全部。集体敬拜与个人敬拜都很重要。

Worship is the recognition of and response to God's worth and excellence. True worship involves both spirit (inner attitude) and truth (accordance with reality). Elements of worship include: praise, prayer, Scripture reading, preaching, sacraments, offering, etc. Worship should be God-centered, Christ-exalting, and Spirit-dependent. Worship forms can vary but must be biblical. Music is an important part of worship but not the whole. Both corporate and private worship are important.

Chapter 52: Gifts of the Holy Spirit Part 1: General Questions

属灵恩赐是圣灵赐给信徒用来服侍教会和荣耀神的特殊能力。每个信徒至少有一种恩赐，应当发现并使用。恩赐的目的是造就教会、服侍他人，不是为了个人荣耀。恩赐与才能不同，是圣灵超自然的工作。恩赐需要在爱中运用，遵循圣经原则。教会应当帮助信徒识别和发展恩赐，创造服侍机会。

Spiritual gifts are special abilities given by the Holy Spirit to believers for serving the church and glorifying God. Every believer has at least one gift and should discover and use it. The purpose of gifts is to edify the church and serve others, not for personal glory. Gifts differ from talents as supernatural works of the Spirit. Gifts must be exercised in love and according to biblical principles. Churches should help believers identify and develop their gifts, creating opportunities for service.

Chapter 53: Gifts of the Holy Spirit Part 2: Specific Gifts

关于具体的属灵恩赐，存在不同观点。Grudem详细探讨了各种恩赐，特别是争议性的恩赐如预言、说方言、神迹等。他认为这些恩赐在今天仍然可能存在，但形式和程度可能不同于使徒时代。方言应有翻译，预言需要判断，神迹应当荣耀神。教会应当既不轻视也不过分追求这些恩赐，而是平衡地看待，以爱为最高原则。

Regarding specific spiritual gifts, different viewpoints exist. Grudem examines various gifts in detail, especially controversial ones like prophecy, tongues, and miracles. He believes these gifts can still exist today but may differ in form and degree from the apostolic era. Tongues should be interpreted, prophecies should be judged, miracles should glorify God. Churches should neither despise nor excessively pursue these gifts but view them with balance, with love as the highest principle.

Chapter 54: The Return of Christ: When and How?

基督的再来是基督徒盼望的核心。关于再来的时间，Grudem认为无人知道确切时间，但有一些征兆可以观察：福音传遍天下、以色列人得救、大灾难、敌基督出现等。再来将是可见的、荣耀的、突然的。信徒应当警醒等候，但不应设定具体日期。再来时死人复活，活人改变，教会被提与主永远同在。

Christ's return is central to Christian hope. Regarding the timing of his return, Grudem believes no one knows the exact time, but certain signs can be observed: the gospel preached to all nations, the salvation of Israel, great tribulation, the appearance of antichrist, etc. The return will be visible, glorious, and sudden. Believers should watch and wait but not set specific dates. At his return, the dead will be raised, the living transformed, and the church caught up to be with the Lord forever.

Chapter 55: The Millennium

千禧年是启示录20章提到的基督在地上作王一千年的时期。关于千禧年有三种主要观点：前千禧年论（基督再来后在地上作王）、后千禧年论（基督在福音得胜后再来）、无千禧年论（千年是象征性的，指现今时代）。Grudem倾向于前千禧年论历史性前千禧年论的观点，但认为这不是基要真理，不同观点的基督徒可以和睦相处。

The millennium is the thousand-year period mentioned in Revelation 20 when Christ reigns on earth. There are three main millennial views: premillennialism (Christ returns before reigning on earth), postmillennialism (Christ returns after gospel triumph), and amillennialism (the thousand years is symbolic of the present age). Grudem leans toward historic premillennialism but considers this non-essential truth where Christians with different views can fellowship peacefully.

Chapter 56: The Final Judgment and Eternal Punishment

最后的审判是历史的终点，神将审判所有人。审判基于行为，显明人内心的真实状态。信徒因基督的义被宣告无罪，得永生奖赏。非信徒因自己的罪被定罪，受永远的刑罚。地狱是真实的地方，刑罚是永远的，这显明罪的严重性和神的公义。神不愿一人沉沦，但尊重人的选择。最后审判彰显神的公义和慈爱。

The final judgment is history's climax when God will judge all people. Judgment is based on deeds, revealing the true state of hearts. Believers are declared righteous through Christ's righteousness and receive eternal life rewards. Unbelievers are condemned for their sins and receive eternal punishment. Hell is a real place with eternal punishment, showing sin's seriousness and God's justice. God doesn't desire anyone to perish but respects human choice. Final judgment displays both God's justice and love.

Chapter 57: The New Heavens and New Earth

新天新地是神创造的完美世界，取代现今被罪污染的世界。这不是完全毁灭重造，而是更新改造。在新天新地中，神与人同住，不再有死亡、痛苦、哭泣。义人将有复活荣耀的身体，在神的同在中享受永远的福乐。新天新地体现神原初创造的意图，也是救赎历史的最终目标。这给信徒带来终极盼望和现今生活的动力。

The new heavens and new earth are God's perfect world replacing the present sin-corrupted world. This is not complete destruction and recreation but renewal and transformation. In the new heavens and earth, God dwells with humanity, with no more death, suffering, or crying. The righteous will have resurrected glorified bodies, enjoying eternal blessedness in God's presence. The new heavens and earth embody God's original creative intent and are the ultimate goal of redemptive history. This brings believers ultimate hope and motivation for present living.