犹太教中的亵渎与尊荣及耶稣的最终审问
Blasphemy and Exaltation in Judaism and the Final Examination of Jesus
达雷尔·博克 / Darrell Bock
简介 Summary
博克对耶稣受审的历史和神学研究。犹太公会指控耶稣"亵渎"的具体内容一直是新约学研究的争议焦点。博克通过细致的历史背景分析，探讨了第一世纪犹太教中"亵渎"概念的确切含义，以及耶稣的弥赛亚宣称如何触发了宗教当局的激烈反应。作者论证，耶稣确实声称具有神性地位，这种"尊荣"正是导致他被钉十字架的直接原因，为理解耶稣的身份和使命提供了重要的历史洞察。
Bock's historical and theological study of Jesus' trial. The specific content of the Jewish council's "blasphemy" accusation against Jesus has long been a controversial focus in New Testament studies. Through meticulous historical background analysis, Bock explores the precise meaning of "blasphemy" in first-century Judaism and how Jesus' messianic claims triggered intense reaction from religious authorities. The author argues that Jesus indeed claimed divine status, and this "exaltation" was the direct cause of his crucifixion, providing important historical insights for understanding Jesus' identity and mission.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: The Concept of Blasphemy in First-Century Judaism
博克详细分析第一世纪犹太教中"亵渎"概念的法律和神学含义。亵渎不仅包括直接诅咒神名，还涵盖任何侵犯神圣尊严的行为。作者通过犹太文献（米示拿、塔木德、死海古卷）的研究，展示亵渎指控在宗教审判中的应用，为理解耶稣受审提供历史背景。
Bock thoroughly analyzes the legal and theological meaning of "blasphemy" in first-century Judaism. Blasphemy included not only directly cursing God's name but any act violating divine dignity. Through study of Jewish literature (Mishnah, Talmud, Dead Sea Scrolls), the author shows blasphemy accusations' application in religious trials, providing historical background for understanding Jesus' trial.
“Blasphemy in Jewish law was not merely about words but about claims that challenged the unique prerogatives of God. 犹太律法中的亵渎不仅仅关乎言语，还关乎挑战上帝独特特权的宣告。”
“The gravity of a blasphemy charge in first-century Judaism cannot be overstated—it was a capital offense that struck at the heart of monotheistic faith. 第一世纪犹太教中亵渎指控的严重性不容小觑——这是攻击一神论信仰核心的死罪。”
Ch.2: Jesus' Divine Claims Before the Sanhedrin
深入分析马可福音14:61-62中耶稣对大祭司询问的回答。当被问及是否是"神的儿子基督"时，耶稣肯定回答并引用诗篇110:1和但以理书7:13。博克论证，这个回答结合了弥赛亚身份、神子地位和末世审判者的角色，构成了明确的神性宣告。
Thoroughly analyzes Jesus' answer to the high priest's question in Mark 14:61-62. When asked if he was "the Christ, the Son of God," Jesus affirmed and quoted Psalm 110:1 and Daniel 7:13. Bock argues this answer combined messianic identity, divine sonship, and eschatological judge role, constituting a clear divine claim.
“I am, and you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power and coming with the clouds of heaven. 我是。你们必看见人子坐在那权能者的右边，驾着天上的云降临。”
“Jesus' response was not ambiguous—it was a direct claim to divine authority that the Sanhedrin immediately recognized as blasphemous. 耶稣的回答并不模糊——这是对神圣权威的直接宣告，公会立即认定为亵渎。”
Ch.3: The Revelatory Significance of the "Son of Man" Title
专门研究耶稣使用"人子"称号的神学意义。通过分析但以理书7章的背景和第二圣殿时期的犹太文献，博克展示"人子"如何在耶稣的使用中从一个谦卑的自称转化为神性尊荣的宣告。这个称号暗示着天上的权威和末世的审判权柄。
Specifically studies the theological significance of Jesus' use of the "Son of Man" title. Through analyzing Daniel 7's background and Second Temple Jewish literature, Bock shows how "Son of Man" transforms in Jesus' usage from a humble self-designation to a declaration of divine exaltation, implying heavenly authority and eschatological judgment power.
“The Son of Man saying in Daniel 7 depicts not merely a human figure but one who receives divine authority and eternal dominion. 但以理书7章中人子的说法描绘的不仅仅是一个人的形象，而是一个接受神圣权威和永恒统治的存在。”
“Jesus transformed the Son of Man title from a symbol of suffering humanity into a declaration of exalted authority. 耶稣将人子称号从受苦人性的象征转化为尊荣权威的宣告。”
Ch.4: Sitting at the Right Hand of Power—The Application of Psalm 110:1
详细分析耶稣引用诗篇110:1的神学含义。"坐在上帝右边"在犹太传统中代表最高的权威和尊荣。博克通过研究这节经文在新约其他地方的使用，展示早期基督徒如何理解耶稣的神性地位和宇宙权威。
Thoroughly analyzes the theological implications of Jesus' citation of Psalm 110:1. "Sitting at God's right hand" in Jewish tradition represents supreme authority and honor. Through studying this verse's use elsewhere in the New Testament, Bock shows how early Christians understood Jesus' divine status and cosmic authority.
“The LORD says to my Lord: 'Sit at my right hand, until I make your enemies your footstool.' 耶和华对我主说：'你坐在我的右边，等我使你仇敌作你的脚凳。'”
“To claim the right hand of God was to claim divine prerogatives that no mere human could legitimately possess. 宣告坐在神的右边就是宣告神圣特权，这是任何凡人都无法合法拥有的。”
Ch.5: The Symbolic Significance of the High Priest Tearing His Robes
分析大祭司该亚法撕裂衣服的历史和象征意义。根据犹太律法，大祭司通常禁止撕裂圣衣，但在听到亵渎时可以例外。博克论证，这个行为表明该亚法完全理解耶稣话语的神学含义，并将其视为对一神论的直接挑战。
Analyzes the historical and symbolic significance of high priest Caiaphas tearing his robes. According to Jewish law, high priests normally forbidden from tearing sacred garments, but exceptions made upon hearing blasphemy. Bock argues this act shows Caiaphas fully understood Jesus' words' theological implications, viewing them as direct challenges to monotheism.
“And the high priest tore his robes and said, 'What further witnesses do we need? You have heard his blasphemy.' 大祭司就撕开衣服，说：'我们何必再用见证人呢？你们已经听见他这僭妄的话了。'”
“The tearing of the high priest's garments was not theatrical dramatics but a formal legal response to perceived blasphemy. 大祭司撕裂衣服不是戏剧性表演，而是对认定的亵渎的正式法律回应。”
Ch.6: The Historical Reliability of the Divine Claims
为耶稣在受审中神性宣告的历史真实性进行辩护。博克回应那些认为这些话语是后来基督教会编造的学者观点，通过多重佐证（符合犹太背景、解释被钉十字架、早期基督论发展）论证这些记载的可靠性。
Defends the historical authenticity of Jesus' divine claims during his trial. Bock responds to scholars who view these words as later Christian fabrications, using multiple corroborations (Jewish context consistency, crucifixion explanation, early Christological development) to argue for these accounts' reliability.
“The blasphemy charge makes historical sense only if Jesus actually made claims that his contemporaries understood as divine pretensions. 亵渎指控只有在耶稣确实作出了被同代人理解为神性僭越的宣告时才具有历史意义。”
“The crucifixion becomes historically inexplicable unless Jesus made extraordinary claims about his own identity and authority. 除非耶稣对自己的身份和权威作出了非凡的宣告，否则钉十字架在历史上就无法解释。”
Ch.7: Early Christian Understanding of Jesus' Divinity
探讨早期基督徒如何理解和阐释耶稣在受审时的神性宣告。博克追踪从福音书到保罗书信、希伯来书等新约文献中基督论的发展，展示早期教会如何在犹太一神论框架内理解耶稣的神性。
Explores how early Christians understood and interpreted Jesus' divine claims at his trial. Bock traces Christological development from Gospels to Pauline epistles, Hebrews, and other New Testament literature, showing how the early church understood Jesus' divinity within Jewish monotheistic framework.
“The early church did not create Jesus' divine claims; they inherited them and had to make sense of them. 早期教会没有创造耶稣的神性宣告；他们继承了这些宣告，并必须理解它们。”
“The challenge for Jewish Christians was not whether Jesus claimed divinity, but how to reconcile this claim with monotheistic faith. 对犹太基督徒来说，挑战不是耶稣是否宣告神性，而是如何将这个宣告与一神论信仰调和。”
Ch.8: From Blasphemy to Exaltation—The Theological Transformation
分析从人类法庭的亵渎判决到神圣法庭的尊荣确认之间的神学转换。博克论证，复活证实了耶稣在公会前宣告的真实性，将人类的亵渎定罪转化为神的尊荣确认。这个转换是基督论发展的关键。
Analyzes the theological transformation from human court's blasphemy verdict to divine court's exaltation confirmation. Bock argues the resurrection validated Jesus' claims before the Sanhedrin, transforming human blasphemy condemnation into divine exaltation confirmation. This transformation is key to Christological development.
“What appeared as blasphemy to human eyes was revealed as divine truth through the resurrection. 在人眼中看似亵渎的，通过复活被启示为神圣真理。”
“God's vindication of Jesus transformed the Sanhedrin's judgment from religious authority to historical irony. 神对耶稣的平反将公会的判决从宗教权威转化为历史讽刺。”
Ch.9: Historical Foundations in Modern Christological Debates
将耶稣受审的历史研究应用于现代基督论争议。博克回应那些质疑耶稣神性历史基础的现代学者，论证早期基督论不是希腊哲学的产物，而是建立在耶稣自己的神性宣告基础上的历史发展。
Applies historical research of Jesus' trial to modern Christological controversies. Bock responds to modern scholars questioning Jesus' divinity's historical foundations, arguing early Christology was not a product of Greek philosophy but historical development based on Jesus' own divine claims.
“High Christology did not evolve gradually from Jewish teacher to divine figure; it emerged from the historical collision between Jesus' claims and Jewish expectations. 高等基督论不是从犹太教师逐渐演变为神性形象的；它是从耶稣的宣告与犹太期望的历史冲突中产生的。”
“The divinity of Jesus is not a later theological construct but a historical puzzle that early Christians had to solve. 耶稣的神性不是后来的神学建构，而是早期基督徒必须解决的历史难题。”
Ch.10: Apologetic Significance of the Blasphemy Charge
总结亵渎指控对基督教护教学的重要意义。博克论证，犹太宗教当局对耶稣的亵渎指控恰恰证明了耶稣确实声称具有神性。这个历史事实为现代护教学提供了强有力的论据，证明基督教的核心信仰有深厚的历史根基。
Summarizes the blasphemy charge's important significance for Christian apologetics. Bock argues Jewish religious authorities' blasphemy accusation against Jesus precisely proves Jesus did claim divinity. This historical fact provides powerful arguments for modern apologetics, proving Christianity's core beliefs have deep historical foundations.
“The blasphemy charge against Jesus is one of the strongest historical evidences for his divine self-understanding. 对耶稣的亵渎指控是他神性自我理解最强的历史证据之一。”
“If Jesus had not claimed divine prerogatives, there would have been no basis for a blasphemy charge and no reason for crucifixion. 如果耶稣没有宣告神圣特权，就没有亵渎指控的基础，也没有钉十字架的理由。”