耶稣与他的世界
Jesus and His World
克雷格·A·埃文斯 / Craig A. Evans
简介 Summary
新约学者埃文斯对第一世纪巴勒斯坦社会背景的权威研究，为理解历史耶稣提供了重要的考古和文献基础。埃文斯运用最新的考古发现和古代史料，重建了耶稣时代的政治环境、宗教背景、社会结构和文化氛围。书中特别关注了拿撒勒、迦百农等与耶稣生平密切相关的地理区域，以及法利赛人、撒都该人等宗教群体的真实状况，为福音书研究提供了扎实的历史根基。
New Testament scholar Evans's authoritative study of first-century Palestinian social background, providing important archaeological and documentary foundations for understanding the historical Jesus. Evans employs the latest archaeological discoveries and ancient sources to reconstruct the political environment, religious background, social structures, and cultural atmosphere of Jesus' era. The work particularly focuses on geographical regions closely connected to Jesus' life like Nazareth and Capernaum, and the actual conditions of religious groups like Pharisees and Sadducees, providing solid historical grounding for Gospel studies.
📑 章节 Chapters
Ch.1: The Political Landscape of First-Century Palestine
埃文斯详细描绘耶稣时代复杂的政治环境。从罗马皇帝到希律王朝，从总督彼拉多到地方议会，政治权力的多重结构深刻影响着犹太人的日常生活。这种政治紧张为理解耶稣的事工背景提供了重要线索。
Evans meticulously depicts the complex political environment of Jesus' era. From Roman emperors to the Herodian dynasty, from Governor Pilate to local councils, multiple political power structures profoundly affected Jewish daily life. These political tensions provide important clues for understanding Jesus' ministry background.
“Jesus lived and ministered in a world of competing authorities—Roman, Herodian, and Jewish—each claiming ultimate loyalty. 耶稣生活和服事的世界有着竞争的权威——罗马的、希律的和犹太的——每一个都声称拥有最终忠诚。”
“The political tensions of first-century Palestine were not merely backdrop to Jesus' ministry but central to understanding his message and mission. 第一世纪巴勒斯坦的政治紧张不仅仅是耶稣事工的背景，而是理解他的信息和使命的中心。”
Ch.2: The Religious Influence of the Jerusalem Temple
分析耶路撒冷圣殿在第一世纪犹太宗教生活中的核心作用。圣殿不仅是宗教崇拜的中心，更是经济、政治和社会活动的枢纽。圣殿制度的运作方式为理解耶稣对圣殿的态度和行动提供了背景。
Analyzes the central role of the Jerusalem Temple in first-century Jewish religious life. The Temple was not only the center of religious worship but also the hub of economic, political, and social activities. The Temple system's operational methods provide background for understanding Jesus' attitudes and actions toward the Temple.
“The Temple was the beating heart of Jewish life—religious, economic, and social. 圣殿是犹太生活的跳动心脏——宗教的、经济的和社会的。”
“To understand Jesus' relationship to the Temple is to understand much about his mission and the opposition he faced. 理解耶稣与圣殿的关系就是理解他使命的大部分以及他所面对的反对。”
Ch.3: Pharisaic Beliefs and Practices
重新审视法利赛人的历史形象。基于考古发现和古代文献，埃文斯纠正了传统上对法利赛人的刻板印象。法利赛人实际上是虔诚的宗教改革者，他们的某些观点（如复活、天使、口传律法）与耶稣的教导有相似之处。
Re-examines the historical image of the Pharisees. Based on archaeological discoveries and ancient documents, Evans corrects traditional stereotypes about Pharisees. Pharisees were actually pious religious reformers, and some of their views (like resurrection, angels, oral law) had similarities with Jesus' teachings.
“The Pharisees were not the villains of popular imagination but sincere religious reformers seeking to apply Torah to daily life. 法利赛人不是大众想象中的恶人，而是真诚的宗教改革者，试图将妥拉应用于日常生活。”
“Jesus' debates with the Pharisees were not with enemies but with fellow Jews who shared many of his concerns about authentic piety. 耶稣与法利赛人的辩论不是与敌人的辩论，而是与分享他许多关于真正虔诚关切的犹太同胞的辩论。”
Ch.4: The Socioeconomic Conditions of Galilee
深入研究加利利地区的社会经济结构。通过考古证据，埃文斯重建了加利利的城市化进程、商业网络、农业系统和社会分层。这些背景信息有助于理解耶稣比喻中的经济元素和社会关系。
Thoroughly studies Galilee's socioeconomic structures. Through archaeological evidence, Evans reconstructs Galilee's urbanization process, commercial networks, agricultural systems, and social stratification. This background information helps understand economic elements and social relationships in Jesus' parables.
“Galilee in Jesus' day was not a rural backwater but a region undergoing rapid economic and social change. 耶稣时代的加利利不是乡村落后地区，而是正在经历快速经济和社会变化的地区。”
“Understanding the economic realities of Galilee illuminates many of Jesus' parables and teachings about wealth and poverty. 理解加利利的经济现实阐明了耶稣许多关于财富和贫穷的比喻和教导。”
Ch.5: Archaeological Discoveries at Nazareth and Capernaum
详述与耶稣生活密切相关的两个地点的最新考古发现。拿撒勒的发现揭示了耶稣成长环境的朴素性质，而迦百农的发现则展现了耶稣事工中心的繁荣景象。这些发现为福音书记录提供了物质证据支持。
Details latest archaeological discoveries at two locations closely connected to Jesus' life. Nazareth discoveries reveal the humble nature of Jesus' upbringing environment, while Capernaum discoveries show the prosperous scene of Jesus' ministry center. These findings provide material evidence supporting Gospel records.
“The archaeological evidence from Nazareth confirms the humble origins of Jesus described in the Gospels. 来自拿撒勒的考古证据证实了福音书中描述的耶稣卑微出身。”
“Capernaum emerges from the archaeological record as a thriving commercial center, explaining why Jesus chose it as his base of operations. 迦百农从考古记录中显现为一个繁荣的商业中心，解释了为什么耶稣选择它作为他的活动基地。”
Ch.6: Jewish Sects and Religious Diversity
探索第一世纪犹太教的内部多样性。除了法利赛人和撒都该人，还有爱色尼派、奋锐党人、希罗底党人等多个群体。每个群体对律法、弥赛亚、政治参与都有不同观点，为理解耶稣时代的宗教环境提供了完整图景。
Explores internal diversity within first-century Judaism. Besides Pharisees and Sadducees, there were Essenes, Zealots, Herodians, and other groups. Each group had different views on law, messiah, and political participation, providing a complete picture for understanding the religious environment of Jesus' era.
“First-century Judaism was not a monolithic religion but a diverse collection of groups with varying interpretations of Torah and tradition. 第一世纪的犹太教不是单一的宗教，而是对妥拉和传统有不同解释的多样化群体的集合。”
“Jesus' teaching must be understood against the backdrop of vigorous religious debate within Judaism itself. 耶稣的教导必须在犹太教内部激烈的宗教辩论背景下来理解。”
Ch.7: Education and Culture in the First Century
研究第一世纪巴勒斯坦的教育制度和文化传统。从会堂学校到拉比传统，从希伯来语到亚拉姆语的语言状况，这些因素影响了知识传播和宗教教导的方式，为理解耶稣的教学方法提供了文化背景。
Studies educational systems and cultural traditions in first-century Palestine. From synagogue schools to rabbinic traditions, from Hebrew to Aramaic linguistic situations, these factors influenced knowledge transmission and religious teaching methods, providing cultural background for understanding Jesus' teaching methods.
“Education in first-century Palestine was primarily religious education, centered on Torah study and interpretation. 第一世纪巴勒斯坦的教育主要是宗教教育，以妥拉研究和解释为中心。”
“Jesus' use of parables and oral teaching methods was entirely consistent with the educational practices of his time and culture. 耶稣使用比喻和口头教学方法完全符合他那个时代和文化的教育实践。”
Ch.8: Significance of Historical Background for Gospel Studies
总结历史背景研究对理解福音书的重要意义。深入了解第一世纪的社会、政治、宗教环境不仅有助于澄清福音书记录的历史可靠性，更能帮助现代读者更好地理解耶稣话语和行动的深层含义。
Summarizes the important significance of historical background research for understanding the Gospels. Deep understanding of first-century social, political, and religious environments not only helps clarify the historical reliability of Gospel records but also helps modern readers better understand deeper meanings of Jesus' words and actions.
“The more we understand about Jesus' world, the more we appreciate the authenticity and accuracy of the Gospel accounts. 我们越了解耶稣的世界，就越欣赏福音书记录的真实性和准确性。”
“Historical context does not diminish the spiritual significance of Jesus' ministry but rather enhances our understanding of how God worked within specific historical circumstances. 历史语境不会减少耶稣事工的属灵意义，反而增强我们对神如何在特定历史环境中工作的理解。”