科学与信仰：冲突还是互补？

核心论证 Core Argument

科学方法论自然主义（在科学研究中假设自然原因）是合理的方法论工具，但将其扩展为形而上学自然主义（一切存在的只有自然界）则是一个未经证明的哲学跳跃。科学方法本身不能证明超自然不存在——这超出了科学的方法论范围。 许多伟大的科学家同时是虔诚的基督徒：开普勒、牛顿、法拉第、麦克斯韦、普朗克、海森堡、弗朗西斯·柯林斯（人类基因组计划负责人）。科学和信仰的"冲突叙事"是19世纪末约翰·威廉·德雷珀和安德鲁·迪克森·怀特制造的历史神话，当代科学史学家已广泛否定了这一叙事。 事实上，基督教为现代科学的诞生提供了必要的思想基础：（1）宇宙是有序的，因为它是一位理性的上帝所创造的；（2）研究自然界是有价值的，因为它是上帝的创造；（3）人有能力理解自然规律，因为人按上帝的形象被造。这些信念在其他世界观中并非不言自明——在泛神论中，自然界是神圣的，不应被"解剖"研究；在无神论中，没有理由假设宇宙是有序可知的。 阿尔文·普兰丁格在《科学与宗教：它们真的冲突吗？》中论证，真正的冲突不是科学与信仰之间，而是自然主义与科学之间——因为如果按照自然主义的假设，我们的认知能力是盲目进化过程的产物，我们就没有理由信任它们能产生真信念，包括关于自然主义本身的信念。

Methodological naturalism (assuming natural causes in scientific inquiry) is a reasonable methodological tool, but extending it to metaphysical naturalism (all that exists is nature) is an unproven philosophical leap. Science itself cannot prove the supernatural doesn't exist — this exceeds science's methodological scope. Many great scientists were devout Christians: Kepler, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, Planck, Heisenberg, Francis Collins (Human Genome Project director). The science-faith 'conflict narrative' is a late-19th-century myth created by John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White, widely rejected by contemporary historians of science. In fact, Christianity provided modern science's necessary intellectual foundations: (1) The universe is orderly because created by a rational God; (2) Studying nature is valuable as God's creation; (3) Humans can understand natural laws because made in God's image. These beliefs aren't self-evident in other worldviews — in pantheism, nature is divine and shouldn't be 'dissected'; in atheism, there's no reason to assume the universe is orderly and knowable. Alvin Plantinga in 'Where the Conflict Really Lies' argues the real conflict isn't between science and faith but between naturalism and science — because if, as naturalism assumes, our cognitive faculties are products of blind evolutionary processes, we have no reason to trust them to produce true beliefs, including beliefs about naturalism itself.